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+This file was automatically generated from entries from the ISI (Institute
+for Scientific Information) databases of scientific and other academic
+documents, using isi2bibtex version 0.4, a perl script which converts ISI or
+BIDS format files to BibTeX format files for inclusion in documents typeset
+using the LaTeX document processor.
+
+Try perldoc isi2bibtex for instructions, or read the script.
+
+This file generated on Wednesday 27th May 2003, from file
+'/home/evmik/dl/CIW.cgi', which has no subject line.
+
+@ARTICLE{FangXDJ03,
+	author	    = {Fang, A. P. and Xu, H. L. and Dai, Z. W. and Jiang, Z.
+	  K.},
+	title	    = {Theoretical study of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency in Er3+: YAlO3 crystal},
+	journal     = {Physica B},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {328},
+	pages	    = {204-210},
+	abstract    = {By using the density matrix theory of interaction
+	  between light and matter, and relevant parameter calculations of
+	  the relaxation rate, the dipole matrix elements and the ion density
+	  for a three-level ladder model, we have discussed theoretically the
+	  possibility to realize electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT) in Er3+:YA1O(3) crystal. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All
+	  rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Xiao03,
+	author	    = {Xiao, M.},
+	title	    = {Novel linear and nonlinear optical properties of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency systems},
+	journal     = {IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {9},
+	pages	    = {86-92},
+	abstract    = {We describe some interesting linear and nonlinear
+	  optical properties of three-level electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) systems, such as absorption reduction, sharp
+	  dispersion change, and enhanced Kerr nonlinearity. These novel
+	  optical properties are very useful in enhancing efficient nonlinear
+	  optical processes, which can find applications in optoelectronic
+	  devices. We present some experiments done in our group in the past
+	  few years with three-level atomic systems, especially more recent
+	  experiments with EIT medium inside an optical cavity.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WuWZ03,
+	author	    = {Wu, Y. and Wen, L. L. and Zhu, Y. F.},
+	title	    = {Efficient hyper-Raman scattering in resonant coherent
+	  media},
+	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {28},
+	pages	    = {631-633},
+	abstract    = {We propose and analyze a hyper-Raman scheme for
+	  generation of coherent light in a five-level atomic system based on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that EIT
+	  suppresses linear and nonlinear photon absorption and enables the
+	  hyper-Raman process to proceed through real, nearresonant
+	  intermediate states. The scheme greatly enhances hyper-Raman
+	  efficiency and may be used for generating short- wavelength
+	  radiation at low pump intensities. (C) 2003 Optical Society of
+	  America.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{LiS03,
+	author	    = {Li, Y. F. and Sun, J. F.},
+	title	    = {Ultra-narrow electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  and inversionless gain in a ladder-four-level system},
+	journal     = {Acta Phys. Sin.},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {52},
+	pages	    = {547-555},
+	abstract    = {In this paper, we study the effects of Rabi
+	  frequencies and multi-path radiation on the electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) and the inversionless gain in a ladder-
+	  four-level system driven by two-coherent fields. The Rabi
+	  frequencies of the field-driven transition from the upper level to
+	  middle levels play an important role for the realization of the
+	  ultra-narrow EIT and inversionless gain. Different excitation
+	  mechanism can change the position of the EIT. The action of the
+	  spontaneous alignment of the dipole moment is investigated. The
+	  explanation for the numerical results is presented using the theory
+	  of dressed state.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{PaternostroKH03,
+	author	    = {Paternostro, M. and Kim, M. S. and Ham, B. S.},
+	title	    = {Generation of entangled coherent states via
+	  cross-phasemodulation in a double electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency regime},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {67},
+	pages	    = {023811},
+	abstract    = {The generation of an entangled coherent state is one
+	  of the most important ingredients of quantum information processing
+	  using coherent states. Recently, numerous schemes to achieve this
+	  task have been proposed. In order to generate travellingwave
+	  entangled coherent states, cross-phase-modulation, optimized by
+	  optical Kerr effect enhancement in a dense medium in an
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) regime, seems to be
+	  very promising. In this scenario, we propose a fully quantized
+	  model of a double-EIT scheme recently proposed [D. Petrosyan and G.
+	  Kurizki, Phys. Rev. A 65, 33 833 (2002)]: the quantization step is
+	  performed adopting a fully Hamiltonian approach. This allows us to
+	  write effective equations of motion for two interacting quantum
+	  fields of light that show how the dynamics of one field depends on
+	  the photon-number operator of the other. The preparation of a
+	  Schrodinger cat state, which is a superposition of two distinct
+	  coherent states, is briefly exposed. This is based on nonlinear
+	  interaction via double EIT of two light fields (initially prepared
+	  in coherent states) and on a detection step performed using a 50:50
+	  beam splitter and two photodetectors. In order to show the
+	  entanglement of an entangled coherent state, we suggest to measure
+	  the joint quadrature variance of the field. We show that the
+	  entangled coherent states satisfy the sufficient condition for
+	  entanglement based on quadrature variance measurement. We also show
+	  how robust our scheme is against a low detection efficiency of
+	  homodyne detectors.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{AgarwalD03,
+	author	    = {Agarwal, G. S. and Dasgupta, S.},
+	title	    = {Laser-induced breakdown of the magnetic-field-reversal
+	  symmetry in the propagation of unpolarized light},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {67},
+	pages	    = {023814},
+	abstract    = {We show how a medium, under the influence of a
+	  coherent control field that is resonant or close to resonance to an
+	  appropriate atomic transition, can lead to very strong asymmetries
+	  in the propagation of unpolarized light when the direction of the
+	  magnetic field is reversed. We show how electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) can be used in atomic vapor to mimic this
+	  magnetochiral effect that occurs in natural systems. EIT can
+	  produce much larger asymmetry than the well-known magnetochiral
+	  effect as we use the dipole-allowed transitions here. Using
+	  density-matrix calculations we present results for the breakdown of
+	  the magnetic-field-reversal symmetry for two different atomic
+	  configurations.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{GreentreeRVDdSM03,
+	author	    = {Greentree, A. D. and Richards, D. and Vaccaro, J. A.
+	  and Durrant, A. V. and de Echaniz, S. R. and Segal, D. M. and
+	  Marangos, J. P.},
+	title	    = {Intensity-dependent dispersion under conditions of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency in coherently prepared
+	  multistate atoms},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {67},
+	pages	    = {023818},
+	abstract    = {Interest in lossless nonlinearities has focussed on
+	  the dispersive properties of Lambda systems under conditions of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We generalize the
+	  Lambda system by introducing further degenerate states to realize a
+	  "chain Lambda" atom where multiple coupling of the probe field
+	  significantly enhances the intensity-dependent dispersion without
+	  compromising the EIT condition.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ZhuL02,
+	author	    = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency mediated by
+	  phonons in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems},
+	journal     = {Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {75},
+	pages	    = {861-864},
+	abstract    = {It is shown theoretically that electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT), due to strong exciton-phonon coupling
+	  can occur in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems such as
+	  polymers and organic semiconductors and lead to ultra-slow light
+	  effects. The results indicate that the strong coupling of excitons
+	  and phonons is important, but the excitonexciton interaction
+	  plays a small role in the generation of the EIT. Numerical results
+	  for polydiacetylene-toluene sulfonate are also presented. This EIT
+	  in a solid-state medium might be utilized for efficient multiwave
+	  mixing and quantum nondemolition measurements, as well as for novel
+	  acousto- optical devices.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ZhangJSDW03,
+	author	    = {Zhang, Y. L. and Jiang, L. and Sun, Z. R. and Ding, L.
+	  E. and Wang, Z. G.},
+	title	    = {Effect of four-wave mixing on electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency in Lambda-type system with a two-photon probe
+	  field},
+	journal     = {Chin. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {12},
+	pages	    = {174-177},
+	abstract    = {Using density matrix equation, we calculate
+	  analytically as well as numerically the effect of the four-wave
+	  mixing (FWM) field on electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT) in the rubidium 5S(1/2)-5P(3/2)-5D(5/2) Lambda-type system
+	  with a twophoton probe field. The calculated results are in good
+	  agreement with Fulton's experimental results in 1995.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ValenteFL03,
+	author	    = {Valente, P. and Failache, H. and Lezama, A.},
+	title	    = {Temporal buildup of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency and absorption resonances in degenerate two-level
+	  transitions},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {67},
+	pages	    = {013806},
+	abstract    = {The temporal evolution of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) coherence resonances in
+	  pump-probe spectroscopy of degenerate two-level atomic transition
+	  is studied for light intensities below saturation. Analytical
+	  expressions for the transient absorption spectra are given for
+	  simple model systems and a model for the calculation of the
+	  time-dependent response of realistic atomic transitions, where the
+	  Zeeman degeneracy is fully accounted for, is presented. EIT and EIA
+	  resonances have a similar (opposite sign) time-dependent line
+	  shape, however, the EIA evolution is slower and thus narrower lines
+	  are observed for long interaction time. Qualitative agreement with
+	  the theoretical predictions is obtained for the transient probe
+	  absorption on the Rb-85 D-2 line in an atomic beam experiment.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WuSZ03,
+	author	    = {Wu, Y. and Saldana, J. and Zhu, Y. F.},
+	title	    = {Large enhancement of four-wave mixing by suppression
+	  of photon absorption from electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {67},
+	pages	    = {013811},
+	abstract    = {We analyze a four-wave-mixing (FWM) scheme in a
+	  five-level atomic system based on electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT). We show that EIT suppresses both two-photon and
+	  threephoton absorptions in the FWM scheme and enables the
+	  four-wave mixing to proceed through real, resonant intermediate
+	  states without absorption loss. The scheme results in a several
+	  orders of magnitude increase in the FWM efficiency in comparison
+	  with a recent scheme [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 143902 (2002)] and may
+	  be used for generating short-wavelength radiation at low pump
+	  intensities.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{XuLBWG03,
+	author	    = {Xu, J. H. and La Rocca, G. C. and Bassani, F. and
+	  Wang, D. and Gao, J. Y.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced one-photon and two-photon
+	  transparency in rubidium atoms},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {2003},
+	volume	    = {216},
+	pages	    = {157-164},
+	abstract    = {We investigate electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) for one-photon and resonant two-photon
+	  transitions in rubidium atomic vapors. One-photon transparency is
+	  obtained in the 5S5P-5D three level ladder system. At the same
+	  time, we study electromagnetically induced transparency in the
+	  two-photon transition (EITT) from the 5S to the 7S state resonant
+	  with the 5P intermediate state, when the latter is coupled to the
+	  5D state by a control beam. The dependence of the transparency
+	  profile on the controlling laser intensity, linewidth, and detuning
+	  is investigated. Experimental results are obtained for isotopes
+	  Rb-85 and Rb-87 characterized by different hyperfine structures.
+	  Our findings for both the one-photon and the resonant two-photon
+	  transparency agree well with the prediction from three and
+	  four-level theory, respectively, with independently determined
+	  spectroscopic parameters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
+	  reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{KuznetsovaKHS02,
+	author	    = {Kuznetsova, E. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Hemmer, P.
+	  and Scully, M. O.},
+	title	    = {Atomic interference phenomena in solids with a
+	  long-lived spin coherence},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {66},
+	pages	    = {063802},
+	abstract    = {We generalize the theory of electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) and slow group velocity for the case of
+	  the homogeneous and inhomogeneous line broadening in both oneand
+	  two-photon transitions which unavoidably takes place in solid
+	  materials with a long-lived spin coherence. We identify regimes of
+	  EIT where the linewidth can be essentially reduced due to
+	  inhomogeneous broadening and, moreover, can be proportional to the
+	  amplitude of the driving field rather than the intensity. We
+	  suggest also a class of solid materials, namely, rare-earth ion
+	  doped semiconductors or dielectrics with electricdipole allowed
+	  transitions, that is very promising for realization and
+	  applications of EIT.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{PatnaikLH02,
+	author	    = {Patnaik, A. K. and Liang, J. Q. and Hakuta, K.},
+	title	    = {Slow light propagation in a thin optical fiber via
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {66},
+	pages	    = {063808},
+	abstract    = {We propose a configuration that utilizes
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to tailor a fiber
+	  mode propagating inside a thin optical fiber and coherently control
+	  its dispersion properties to drastically reduce the group velocity
+	  of the fiber mode. The key to this proposal is that the evanescent
+	  field of the thin fiber strongly couples with the surrounding
+	  active medium, so that the EIT condition is met by the medium. We
+	  show how the properties of the fiber mode are modified due to the
+	  EIT medium, both numerically and analytically. We demonstrate that
+	  the group velocity of the modified fiber mode can be drastically
+	  reduced (approximate to44 m/sec) using the coherently prepared
+	  orthohydrogen doped in a matrix of parahydrogen crystal as the EIT
+	  medium.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{JohnssonF02,
+	author	    = {Johnsson, M. T. and Fleischhauer, M.},
+	title	    = {Quantum theory of resonantly enhanced four-wave
+	  mixing: Meanfield and exact numerical solutions},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {66},
+	pages	    = {043808},
+	abstract    = {We present a full quantum analysis of resonant forward
+	  fourwave mixing based on electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT). In particular, we study the regime of efficient nonlinear
+	  conversion with low-intensity fields that has been predicted from a
+	  semiclassical analysis. We derive an effective nonlinear
+	  interaction Hamiltonian in the adiabatic limit. In contrast to
+	  conventional nonlinear optics, this Hamiltonian does not have a
+	  power expansion in the fields and the conversion length decreases
+	  with decreasing input power. We analyze the stationary wave-mixing
+	  process in the forward scattering configuration using an exact
+	  numerical analysis for up to 10(3) input photons and compare the
+	  results with a mean- field approach. Due to quantum effects,
+	  complete conversion from the two pump fields into the signal and
+	  idler modes is achieved only asymptotically for large coherent pump
+	  intensities or for pump fields in few-photon Fock states. The
+	  signal and idler fields are perfectly quantum correlated which has
+	  potential applications in quantum communication schemes. We also
+	  discuss the implementation of a single-photon phase gate for
+	  continuous quantum computation.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{KryachkoLT02,
+	author	    = {Kryachko, A. Y. and Litvak, A. G. and Tokman, M. D.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in
+	  high-temperature magnetoactive plasma},
+	journal     = {J. Exp. Theor. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {95},
+	pages	    = {697-704},
+	abstract    = {We investigate a classical analog of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) currently popular in
+	  quantum electronics. We consider EIT for electron cyclotron waves
+	  in finite-temperature plasma. We derive an expression for the
+	  effective refractive index of an electromagnetic wave and study the
+	  dispersion and absorption of this wave under EIT conditions.
+	  Allowance for thermal motion is shown to radically change the
+	  behavior of the dispersion curves for the signal wave in the EIT
+	  region compared to the case of cold plasma. (C) 2002 MAIK
+	  "Nauka/Interperiodica".
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ThanopulosS02,
+	author	    = {Thanopulos, I. and Shapiro, M.},
+	title	    = {Slowing down of light by laser induced barrier
+	  hopping},
+	journal     = {J. Chem. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {117},
+	pages	    = {8404-8411},
+	abstract    = {We suggest that a very significant reduction in the
+	  group velocity of light occurs in a laser induced barrier-hopping
+	  process, known as "Laser Catalysis.'' In this process a system is
+	  made to hop over a potential barrier via a virtual transition to an
+	  excited bound state. As in electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT), the light absorption is predicted to dip to zero at a
+	  certain frequency, thereby also changing the refractive index,
+	  inducing in turn the slowing down of the group velocity of the
+	  light. In contrast to EIT, a single pulse is predicted to induce
+	  its own transparency and in contrast to self-induced transparency
+	  the process is predicted to be insensitive to the pulse area (as
+	  long as the pulse is intense enough to meet the adiabaticity
+	  criterion). Thus, the medium becomes transparent to the light, as
+	  the laser induced barrierhopping process brings about a
+	  fundamental change in the medium. (C) 2002 American Institute of
+	  Physics.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{AhufingerCCBMF02,
+	author	    = {Ahufinger, V. and Corbalan, R. and Cataliotti, F. and
+	  Burger, S. and Minardi, F. and Fort, C.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in a
+	  Bose-Einstein condensate},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {211},
+	pages	    = {159-165},
+	abstract    = {We report on the direct observation of the
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) lineshape of cold
+	  Rb-87 atoms above and below the transition temperature for
+	  Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Similar results are observed in
+	  both temperature regimes, with an absorption reduction of about
+	  60\%. Good agreement with a theoretical model is discussed. (C)
+	  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+
+@ARTICLE{MewesF02,
+	author	    = {Mewes, C. and Fleischhauer, M.},
+	title	    = {Two-photon linewidth of light "stopping" via
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {66},
+	pages	    = {033820},
+	abstract    = {We analyze the two-photon linewidth of a recently
+	  proposed adiabatic transfer technique for "stopping" of light using
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that a
+	  successful and reliable transfer of excitation from light to atoms
+	  and back can be achieved if the spectrum of the input probe pulse
+	  lies within the initial transparency window of EIT, and the
+	  two-photon detuning delta is less than the collective coupling
+	  strength (collective vacuum Rabi frequency) grootN divided by
+	  rootgammaT, with gamma being the radiative decay rate, N being the
+	  effective number of atoms in the sample, and T being the pulse
+	  duration. Hence in an optically thick medium light "storage" and
+	  retrieval is possible with high fidelity even for systems with
+	  rather large two-photon detuning or inhomogeneous broadening.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{LiNS02,
+	author	    = {Li, Y. F. and Niu, Y. P. and Sun, J. F.},
+	title	    = {The effect of resonant four-wave-mixing on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency in Lambda-type system
+	  employing a twophoton field},
+	journal     = {Phys. Lett. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {301},
+	pages	    = {195-202},
+	abstract    = {Four-wave-mixing has been considered in a A-type
+	  system to make clear the asymmetry occurred in EIT profile which
+	  had been realized experimentally in Phys. Rev. A 52 (1995) 2302. We
+	  present both analytical and numerical calculation to explain the
+	  reason. In the case of Doppler-free for the two-photon probe field,
+	  why EIT dip was not detected is also been demonstrated. (C) 2002
+	  Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ShvetsW02,
+	author	    = {Shvets, G. and Wurtele, J. S.},
+	title	    = {Transparency of magnetized plasma at the cyclotron
+	  frequency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {89},
+	pages	    = {115003},
+	abstract    = {Electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbed by a
+	  magnetized plasma if the radiation frequency equals the cyclotron
+	  frequency of plasma electrons. It is demonstrated that absorption
+	  can be completely canceled in the presence of a magnetostatic field
+	  of an undulator, or a second radiation beam, resulting in plasma
+	  transparency at the cyclotron frequency. This effect is reminiscent
+	  of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of
+	  three-level atomic systems, except that it occurs in a completely
+	  classical plasma. Unlike the atomic systems, where all the excited
+	  levels required for EIT exist in each atom, this classical EIT
+	  requires the excitation of nonlocal plasma oscillation. A
+	  Lagrangian description was used to elucidate the physics of the
+	  plasma transparency and control of group and phase velocity. This
+	  control leads to applications for electromagnetic pulse compression
+	  and electron/ion acceleration.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{JavanKLS02,
+	author	    = {Javan, A. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Lee, H. and
+	  Scully, M. O.},
+	title	    = {Narrowing of electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  resonance in a Doppler-broadened medium},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {66},
+	pages	    = {013805},
+	abstract    = {We derive an analytic expression for the linewidth of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance in a
+	  Doppler-broadened system. It is shown here that for relatively low
+	  intensity of the driving field the EIT linewidth is proportional to
+	  the square root of intensity and is independent of the Doppler
+	  width, similar to the laser-induced line narrowing effect described
+	  by Feld and Javan. In the limit of high intensity we recover the
+	  usual power-broadening case where the EIT linewidth is proportional
+	  to the intensity and inversely proportional to the Doppler width.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{DengHKAP02,
+	author	    = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and
+	  Akamatsu, D. and Payne, M. G.},
+	title	    = {Achieving very-low-loss group velocity reduction
+	  without electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Appl. Phys. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {81},
+	pages	    = {1168-1170},
+	abstract    = {A Raman method is studied experimentally for potential
+	  opticalwave group velocity reduction in resonant medium.
+	  Specifically, we show that the proposed method can achieve
+	  significant group velocity reduction comparable to the conventional
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) method that had been
+	  exclusively used to date. In addition, we show that this method has
+	  a significantly lower loss compared to the EIT method, and has rich
+	  dynamics such as probe pulse narrowing. Such features have
+	  applications in the domain of telecommunication technology. (C)
+	  2002 American Institute of Physics.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ArtoniBCL02,
+	author	    = {Artoni, M. and Bassani, F. and Carusotto, I. and La
+	  Rocca, G. C.},
+	title	    = {The regime of electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  in optically dense media: from atoms to excitons},
+	journal     = {Braz. J. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {32},
+	pages	    = {275-283},
+	abstract    = {The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) was discovered by Adriano Gozzini and coworkers
+	  in 1976 in Pisa. Novel schemes to investigate and exploit EIT in
+	  the optical domain have attracted much interest both in atomic and
+	  solid state systems. We discuss some of our recent theoretical
+	  results, in particular: i) a well developed EIT regime based on
+	  free exciton levels in undoped bulk crystalline Cu2O; ii) light
+	  dragging effects in moving media under EIT; iii) the coherent
+	  control of Cherenkov radiation in the EIT regime.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ZhaoWXZYJ02,
+	author	    = {Zhao, J. M. and Wang, L. R. and Xiao, L. T. and Zhao,
+	  Y. T. and Yin, W. B. and Jia, S. T.},
+	title	    = {Experimental measurement of absorption and dispersion
+	  in V-type cesium atom},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {206},
+	pages	    = {341-345},
+	abstract    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is
+	  observed in a three-level V-type system in cesium vapor at room
+	  temperature. The absorption and dispersion properties are measured
+	  under the condition that the coupling frequency is exactly
+	  resonance with transition 6S(1,2) (F = 4) to 6P(3,2) (F' = 3) while
+	  the probe frequency is scanned across the transitions from the
+	  6S(1,2) (F = 4) to all structures of the 6P(3,2). The effects of
+	  detuning of the coupling beam are studied. The results of the
+	  experiment agree with the simple theoretical analysis. (C) 2002
+	  Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WuG02,
+	author	    = {Wu, J. H. and Gao, J. Y.},
+	title	    = {Absorption properties of a driven Doppler-broadened
+	  ladder system with hyperfine structure},
+	journal     = {Chin. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {11},
+	pages	    = {572-577},
+	abstract    = {We have studied the absorption spectrum of a
+	  Doppler-broadened ladder system, where the highest level is coupled
+	  into two middle hyperfine sublevels by a strong coherent field. We
+	  find that, when the system is considered as homogeneous, either two
+	  or three spectral components are observed, depending on the
+	  detuning of the coherent field. But when the velocity distribution
+	  of atoms is considered, we can always observe one
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window with high
+	  dispersion. So the atomic hyperfine structure cannot be an
+	  impediment for obtaining FIT.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{DengHKP02,
+	author	    = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and Payne,
+	  M. G.},
+	title	    = {Optical-wave group-velocity reduction without
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {65},
+	pages	    = {051805},
+	abstract    = {A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group-velocity
+	  reduction in a pure lifetime broadened system is studied. We show
+	  that this nonelectromagnetically induced transparency (NEIT) scheme
+	  has many advantages over the conventional method that critically
+	  relies on the transparency window created by an EIT process.
+	  Significant reduction of the group velocity, probe field loss, and
+	  pulse distortion are reported. In addition, rich dynamics of the
+	  propagation process are studied.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{CardimonaH02,
+	author	    = {Cardimona, D. A. and Huang, D. H.},
+	title	    = {Connection of off-diagonal radiative-decay coupling to
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency and amplification without
+	  inversion in a three-level atomic system},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {65},
+	pages	    = {033828},
+	abstract    = {The equivalence between the off-diagonal
+	  radiative-decay coupling (ODRDC) effect in the bare-atom picture of
+	  a threelevel atomic system [see Cardimona et al., J. Phys. B 15,
+	  55 (1982)] and the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)
+	  effect in the dressed-atom picture [see Imamoglu et al., Opt. Lett.
+	  14, 1344 (1989)] is uncovered and a full comparison of their
+	  physical origins is given. The mechanism for both ODRDC and Harris'
+	  EIT is found to be a consequence of the quantum interference
+	  between a direct absorption path and an indirect absorption path
+	  mediated by either a self absorption of spontaneous photons or a
+	  Fano-type coupling. A connection is then pointed out between the
+	  effects of probe-field gain (PFG) based on an ODRDC process [see
+	  Huang et al., Phys. Rev. A 64, 013822 (2001)] and amplification
+	  without inversion (AWI) [see Fearn et al., Opt. Commun. 87, 323
+	  (1992)] in the bare-atom picture of a three-level atomic system.
+	  The PFG effect is found as a result of transferring electrons
+	  between the two upper levels due to the phase-sensitive coherence
+	  provided by a laser-induced ODRDC process, while the AWI effect to
+	  one of the two probe fields is attributed to its coupling to a
+	  strong laser field generating an off-resonant gain through an
+	  induced nonlinearity in the other probe field. Both the advantages
+	  and disadvantages as well as the limitations of the ODRDC, EIT,
+	  PFG, and AWI effects are discussed and compared.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{BadgerHA01,
+	author	    = {Badger, S. D. and Hughes, I. G. and Adams, C. S.},
+	title	    = {Hyperfine effects in electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency},
+	journal     = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {34},
+	pages	    = {L749-L756},
+	abstract    = {The role of hyperfine structure in electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) is investigated by studying the 5S(1/2)-
+	  5P(3/2)-5D(3/2,5/2) cascade system in Rb-85 and Rb-87. We show that
+	  if the hyperfine splitting Delta(hfs) is larger than the Rabi
+	  frequency of the coupling beam, Q, then the observed EIT spectra
+	  can be modelled by adding terms corresponding to each hyperfine
+	  state. However, in the strong-coupling limit, Omega(c) much greater
+	  than Delta(hfs), a complete multilevel description is required.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{AffolderbachKWTY02,
+	author	    = {Affolderbach, C. and Knappe, S. and Wynands, R. and
+	  Taichenachev, A. V. and Yudin, V. I.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and
+	  absorption in a standing wave},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {65},
+	pages	    = {043810},
+	abstract    = {A thermal vapor of three-level atoms irradiated by two
+	  copropagating laser beams of suitable frequencies exhibits the
+	  phenomenon of coherent population trapping, leading to an
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). When a mirror
+	  reflects the beams back onto themselves one finds that depending on
+	  the position along the resulting standing wave the fluorescence
+	  intensity from the sample (cesium in our case) decreases (EIT) or
+	  even increases [electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA)] with
+	  a period on the centimeter scale. An intuitive picture is based on
+	  the interference of coherent dark states but the explanation of the
+	  EIA effect requires consideration of Doppler effects in the thermal
+	  vapor. This allows for a quantitative comparison between
+	  experimental and calculated results.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{XuDJ02,
+	author	    = {Xu, H. L. and Dai, Z. W. and Jiang, Z. K.},
+	title	    = {Effect of concentration of the Er3+ ion on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency in Er3+: YAG crystal},
+	journal     = {Phys. Lett. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {294},
+	pages	    = {19-25},
+	abstract    = {We studied the effect of Er3+ concentration on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency in two types of three-
+	  level schemes-the ladder and the A models in Er3+:YAG, The
+	  numerical calculations show that, under the same intensities of the
+	  probe and the coupling fields, the absorption and the dispersion
+	  were dramatically changed with Er3+ concentration. (C) 2002
+	  Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{LitvakT02,
+	author	    = {Litvak, A. G. and Tokman, M. D.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in ensembles
+	  of classical oscillators},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {88},
+	pages	    = {095003},
+	abstract    = {We develop a classical model of the parametric effect
+	  of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) within the line
+	  of resonance absorption of an electromagnetic wave in the medium-an
+	  effect initially discovered for a quantum three-level system. On
+	  the basis of this model, the EIT effect for electromagnetic waves
+	  at frequencies of the electron-cyclotron resonance in a cold plasma
+	  is considered. Similar to the analogous quantum scheme, the EIT
+	  window in the classical model is characterized by group
+	  deceleration of the reference electron-cyclotron wave.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{SorokinG02,
+	author	    = {Sorokin, P. P. and Glownia, J. H.},
+	title	    = {Lasers without inversion (LWI) in Space: A possible
+	  explanation for intense, narrow-band, emissions that dominate the
+	  visible and/or far-UV (FUV) spectra of certain astronomical
+	  objects},
+	journal     = {Astron. Astrophys.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {384},
+	pages	    = {350-363},
+	abstract    = {The optical or far-UV (FUV) spectra of certain objects
+	  in Space are completely dominated by one or two spectrally narrow
+	  emission lines, strongly suggesting that laser action of some kind
+	  occurs in these objects. However, the electronic level structures
+	  of the atoms/ions producing these emissions preclude the
+	  possibility of maintaining population inversions on the electronic
+	  transitions involved. In lasers, gain is normally produced on an
+	  optical transition that is inverted, i.e. one that has more atoms
+	  maintained in the upper than in the lower state, so that stimulated
+	  emission can exceed stimulated absorption. However, as a result of
+	  discoveries made in quantum electronics over the past 30 years or
+	  so, one now knows that there are several ways to make stimulated
+	  emission occur on a transition that is not inverted, i.e. to
+	  realize a "laser without inversion (LWI)". This requires first
+	  making the atoms non-absorbing at the lasing frequency, i.e.
+	  setting up a condition of "electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT)". Some recently developed EIT techniques for three-level
+	  atoms are first reviewed. A simple model for a space LWI based upon
+	  a gas of two-level atoms is then proposed. In this model,
+	  transparency results from a form of EIT induced by the presence of
+	  an intense, monochromatic, continuous-wave, laser beam tuned to the
+	  frequency omega(o) of the two-level-atom transition. Amplification
+	  of light at this same frequency occurs via resonant stimulated
+	  hyper-Raman scattering (SHRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM), with
+	  pumping energy provided by continuum starlight spectrally
+	  overlapping the two outer absorption sidebands ("Mollow bands")
+	  induced by the presence of the beam at omega(o). Two specific
+	  examples of superintense line emission from Space are here
+	  considered. These are (a) the H(alpha) emission line appearing as a
+	  dominant singularity in certain reddened, early-type stars, and (b)
+	  the powerful O VI (1032 Angstrom, 1038 Angstrom) emission doublet
+	  that dominates the FUV emission spectra of symbiotic stars such as
+	  RR Tel.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{JuzeliunasC02,
+	author	    = {Juzeliunas, G. and Carmichael, H. J.},
+	title	    = {Systematic formulation of slow polaritons in atomic
+	  gases},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {65},
+	pages	    = {021601},
+	abstract    = {We formulate a theory of slow polaritons in atomic
+	  gases and apply it to the slowing down, storing, and redirecting of
+	  laser pulses in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)
+	  medium. The normal modes of the coupled matter and radiation are
+	  determined through a full diagonalization of the dissipationless
+	  Hamiltonian. Away from the EIT resonance, where the polaritons
+	  acquire an excited-state contribution, lifetimes are introduced as
+	  a secondary step. With detuning included various four-wave mixing
+	  possibilities are analyzed. We investigate specifically the
+	  possibility of reverting a stopped polariton by reversing the
+	  control beam.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ValenteFL02,
+	author	    = {Valente, P. and Failache, H. and Lezama, A.},
+	title	    = {Comparative study of the transient evolution of Hanle
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption resonances},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {65},
+	pages	    = {023814},
+	abstract    = {The temporal evolutions of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) were observed in a Hanle
+	  absorption experiment carried on the D-2 lines Of Rb-87 vapor by
+	  suddenly turning the magnetic field on or off. The main features of
+	  the experimental observations are well reproduced by a theoretical
+	  model based on Bloch equation where the atomic level degeneracy has
+	  been fully accounted for. Similar (opposite phase) evolutions were
+	  observed at low optical-field intensities for Hanle-EIT or
+	  Hanle-EIA resonances. Unlike the Hanle-EIA transients that are
+	  increasingly shorter for driving field intensities approaching
+	  saturation, the B not equal 0 transient of the Hanle-EIT signal at
+	  large driving field intensities present a long decay time
+	  approaching the atomic transit time. Such counterintuitive behavior
+	  is interpreted as a consequence of the Zeno effect.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{LiSZW02,
+	author	    = {Li, Y. F. and Sun, J. F. and Zhang, X. Y. and Wang, Y.
+	  C.},
+	title	    = {Laser-induced double-dark resonances and
+	  double-transparencies in a four-level system},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {202},
+	pages	    = {97-102},
+	abstract    = {We study the generations of dark resonance and
+	  electomagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effects in the
+	  four-level system with two coherent fields coupling the transition
+	  from upper level to a pair of ground levels and a lower excited
+	  state. The quantum interference between two excited pathways
+	  results in double-dark resonances and doubletransparency holes
+	  with adjustable frequencies driven into the absorption spectrum in
+	  the atomic system. A clear analytical explanation for our numerical
+	  results is presented. It is shown that the relation of detunings of
+	  two coherent fields plays an important role in the generations of
+	  the coherent population trapping and EIT effects. (C) 20021
+	  Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WangGX02,
+	author	    = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Xiao, M.},
+	title	    = {Atomic coherence induced Kerr nonlinearity enhancement
+	  in Rb vapour},
+	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {49},
+	pages	    = {335-347},
+	abstract    = {The Kerr nonlinear index of refraction for rubidium
+	  atoms is measured by using an optical ring cavity with and without
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Significant
+	  enhancement and inhibition of the Kerr nonlinear index is observed
+	  near resonance with EIT. The nonlinear index of refraction is
+	  measured as functions of probe and coupling frequency detunings,
+	  respectively, with and without the presence of EIT. A simple
+	  theoretical calculation including Doppler broadening is presented
+	  and is found to be in good qualitative agreement with the
+	  experimentally measured results.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{MatskoNW02,
+	author	    = {Matsko, A. B. and Novikova, I. and Welch, G. R.},
+	title	    = {Radiation trapping under conditions of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {49},
+	pages	    = {367-378},
+	abstract    = {Reabsorption of spontaneously emitted photons, or
+	  radiation trapping, is a process that occurs when light interacts
+	  with optically thick media. It is shown, both theoretically and
+	  experimentally, that this effect in optically thick atomic vapour
+	  leads to a decrease in transmission of coherent laser radiation
+	  propagating under conditions of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT). A simple theory is developed taking into
+	  account the radiation trapping, which is in a good agreement with
+	  the experimental observations and exact numerical simulation. This
+	  allows better understanding of the physics of EIT in general, and
+	  properties of dense coherent atomic media in particular.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{HussKW02,
+	author	    = {Huss, A. F. and Korsunsky, E. A. and Windholz, L.},
+	title	    = {Phase control of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency in a double-Lambda system},
+	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {49},
+	pages	    = {141-155},
+	abstract    = {It is experimentally demonstrated that the effect of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be controlled
+	  through the radiation phases. Corresponding investigations are
+	  performed by exciting a sodium atomic vapour by four-frequency
+	  laser radiation in a double-A configuration. In such a system the
+	  nonabsorbing (dark) state, responsible for EIT, is created only for
+	  particular values of the relative radiation phase. This phase
+	  dependency is confirmed using three different methods of phase
+	  control. Additionally, the relative phase is set at defined values
+	  in order to adjust the medium to a fixed transmission behaviour.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WangZ02,
+	author	    = {Wang, K. G. and Zhu, S. Y.},
+	title	    = {Atomic storage states},
+	journal     = {Chin. Phys. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {19},
+	pages	    = {56-59},
+	abstract    = {We present a complete description of atomic storage
+	  states which may appear in the electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT). The result shows that the spatial coherence has
+	  been included in the atomic collective operators and the atomic
+	  storage states. In some limits, a set of multimode atomic storage
+	  states has been established in correspondence with the multimode
+	  Fock states of the electromagnetic field. This gives a better
+	  understanding of the fact that, in EIT, the optical coherent
+	  information can be preserved and recovered.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{AlzarMN02,
+	author	    = {Alzar, C. L. G. and Martinez, M. A. G. and
+	  Nussenzveig, P.},
+	title	    = {Classical analog of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency},
+	journal     = {Am. J. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2002},
+	volume	    = {70},
+	pages	    = {37-41},
+	abstract    = {We present a classical analog of electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT). In a system of just two coupled
+	  harmonic oscillators subject to a harmonic driving force, we
+	  reproduce the phenomenology observed in EIT. We also describe a
+	  simple experiment with two linearly coupled RLC circuits which can
+	  be incorporated into an undergraduate laboratory. (C) 2002 American
+	  Association of Physics Teachers.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ZhuL01,
+	author	    = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency due to
+	  exciton-phonon interaction in an organic quantum well},
+	journal     = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {34},
+	pages	    = {L679-L686},
+	abstract    = {Using the bosonic exciton approximation, we show that
+	  there exists electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an
+	  organic quantum well which includes the interaction of charge-
+	  transfer excitons and phonons. The numerical results indicate that
+	  the strong exciton-phonon interaction plays a key role in the
+	  generation of the EIT. Without the exciton-phonon coupling, the EIT
+	  will disappear immediately. Ultraslow light effects are also
+	  discussed in this system.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Kofman01,
+	author	    = {Kofman, A. G.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and evolution
+	  of a two-level system under chaotic field of arbitrary intensity},
+	journal     = {Eur. Phys. J. D},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {17},
+	pages	    = {153-165},
+	abstract    = {The electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)
+	  with a (near-)resonant chaotic (amplitude-phase fluctuating,
+	  GaussianMarkovian) coupling field is studied theoretically. The
+	  Fourier transform of the steady-state EIT spectrum, which
+	  determines a nonstationary probe absorption, is also considered.
+	  This quantity equals the average diagonal element of the (reduced)
+	  evolution operator of the coupled transition (the evolution
+	  function). The exact solution in the form of a continued fraction
+	  is obtained and used to perform numerical calculations. Moreover, a
+	  number of approximate analytical results are obtained, which,
+	  together with the results of previous publications, describe the
+	  EIT and the evolution function in all possible regimes. In
+	  particular, in the constructive-interference case the EIT increases
+	  with the coupling-field bandwidth v at sufficiently small v. For a
+	  strong field, the maximum of the transparency as a function of v is
+	  less than that for a monochromatic field of the same average
+	  intensity. In contrast, for a weak field, there is a range of v
+	  values, where the field fluctuations do not affect the EIT. The
+	  latter result is shown to hold for a broad class of stochastic
+	  fields.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Windholz01,
+	author	    = {Windholz, L.},
+	title	    = {Coherent population trapping in multi-level atomic
+	  systems},
+	journal     = {Phys. Scr.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {T95},
+	pages	    = {81-91},
+	abstract    = {Coherent population trapping (CPT) is treated in
+	  multi-level systems, excited by twoor four-frequency laser light.
+	  The dynamics of filling non-absorbing (dark) states is
+	  investigated. In cases where all transitions involved are excited
+	  (closed systems), the effect becomes dependent on the relative
+	  phase of the light waves. Further electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) is described in three- and four- level systems
+	  and used for effective side band generation.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{BhatiaWS01,
+	author	    = {Bhatia, P. S. and Welch, G. R. and Scully, M. O.},
+	title	    = {Laser amplification without population inversion on
+	  the D-1 line of the Cs atom with semiconductor diode lasers},
+	journal     = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {18},
+	pages	    = {1587-1596},
+	abstract    = {The importance of lasing without inversion (LWI) in
+	  comparison with the use of nonlinear optical techniques and
+	  techniques based on high-intensity femtosecond light pulses to
+	  generate high-frequency coherent radiation is outlined, The
+	  original development and utilization of an experimental facility
+	  based on semiconductor diode lasers to study the fundamental
+	  aspects of LWI on the D-1 line of the Cs atom, which is rarely
+	  attempted, is described. This experimental facility is used to
+	  observe inversionless amplification on the D-1 line of the Cs atom
+	  by use of a A atomic scheme, A combination of EIT and broadband
+	  pumping of atoms from the lower to the upper level of the probe
+	  transition allowed the observation of the inversionless gain.
+	  Justification for the absence of inversion in the probe transition
+	  is provided. We report a single-pass inversionless gain of
+	  approximate to 11\% with relatively weak incoherent pumping. The
+	  results show improvement over the previously reported inversionless
+	  gain observed in Na, Rb, and Cs, illustrating the potential
+	  advantage of using the D-1 line of Cs. (C) 2001 Optical Society of
+	  America.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ChenLCSY01,
+	author	    = {Chen, C. Y. and Liao, Y. A. and Chiu, H. Y. and Su, J.
+	  J. and Yu, I. A.},
+	title	    = {Observation of the quantum interference phenomenon
+	  induced by interacting dark resonances},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {6405},
+	pages	    = {053806},
+	abstract    = {We report an experimental observation of narrow and
+	  highcontrast spectra. which are induced by interacting dark
+	  resonances and have been predicted in Phys. Rev. A 60, 3225 (1999).
+	  Spectra are measured with cold Rb-87 atoms produced by a
+	  magneto-optical trap. In this experimental system, a coupling laser
+	  and a weak probe laser form a three-level Lambda -type
+	  configuration of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT); a
+	  microwave drives a magnetic-dipole transition between the fourth
+	  level and the ground state that is coupled with the excited state
+	  by the coupling laser. The observed spectral profile of probe
+	  absorption exhibits a very sharp peak emerging inside a narrow EIT
+	  dip. Such spectral feature provides more opportunities in
+	  manipulating atomic-optical response.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{OpatrnyW01,
+	author	    = {Opatrny, T. and Welsch, D. G.},
+	title	    = {Cross phase modulation enhancement by coupled cavities
+	  and electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Fortschritte Phys.-Prog. Phys.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {49},
+	pages	    = {1065-1070},
+	abstract    = {We propose an optical double-cavity resonator whose
+	  response to a signal is similar to that observed in
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). A combination of
+	  such a device with a four-level EIT medium can serve for achieving
+	  large crossKerr modulation of a probe field by a signal field.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Ichimura01,
+	author	    = {Ichimura, K.},
+	title	    = {A simple frequency-domain quantum computer with ions
+	  in a crystal coupled to a cavity mode},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {196},
+	pages	    = {119-125},
+	abstract    = {A quantum computer where quantum bits (qubits) are
+	  defined in frequency domain and interaction between qubits is
+	  mediated by a single cavity mode is proposed. In this quantum
+	  computer, qubits can be individually addressed regardless of their
+	  positions. Therefore, randomly distributed systems in space can be
+	  directly employed as qubits. An application of nuclear spins in
+	  rare-earth ions in a crystal for the quantum computer is
+	  quantitatively analyzed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
+	  reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{OpatrnyW01,
+	author	    = {Opatrny, T. and Welsch, D. G.},
+	title	    = {Coupled cavities for enhancing the
+	  cross-phase-modulation in electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {6402},
+	pages	    = {023805},
+	abstract    = {We propose an optical double-cavity resonator whose
+	  response to a signal is similar to that of an electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) medium. A combination of such a device
+	  with a four-level EIT medium can serve for achieving large cross-
+	  Kerr modulation of a probe field by a signal field. This would
+	  offer the possibility of building a quantum logic gate based on
+	  photonic qubits. We discuss the technical requirements that are
+	  necessary for realizing a probe-photon phase shift of pi caused by
+	  a single-photon signal. The main difficulty is the requirement of
+	  an ultralow reflectivity beam splitter, and we must be able to
+	  operate a sufficiently dense cool EIT medium in a cavity.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ClarkevC01,
+	author	    = {Clarke, J. J. and van Wijngaarden, W. A. and Chen, H.
+	  X.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency using a vapor
+	  cell and a laser-cooled sample of cesium atoms},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {6402},
+	pages	    = {023818},
+	abstract    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was
+	  observed in a mismatched-wavelength cascade system using a room
+	  temperature vapor cell and laser-cooled atoms. A cw probe laser
+	  beam monitored the cesium 6S(1/2)----6P(3/2) transition while
+	  another cw laser coupled the 6P(3/2) state to a higher excited
+	  state. The ratio of the observed Rabi frequencies for coupling to
+	  the 6P(3/2)--> (11-13)D-3/2,(5/2) transitions agreed closely with
+	  that predicted using the transition oscillator strengths. A
+	  comparison of the EIT signals obtained using cold atoms and the
+	  vapor cell is made.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{KimKMPK01,
+	author	    = {Kim, K. and Kwon, M. and Moon, H. S. and Park, H. D.
+	  and Kim, J. B.},
+	title	    = {Measurements of normal and anomalous dispersions in
+	  coherently driven Cs vapors},
+	journal     = {J. Korean Phys. Soc.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {38},
+	pages	    = {666-669},
+	abstract    = {Negative and positive dispersions in transitions of
+	  the C-S D-2 line have been measured by setting up a homodyne
+	  Mach-Zehnder interferometer through a coherently driven atomic
+	  system. Anomalous dispersion due to the electromagnetically induced
+	  absorption (EIA) process and normal dispersion due to the
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process were dn/d v
+	  similar or equal to -1.8 x 10-(14) Hz(-1) and 8.7 x 10- (14)
+	  Hz(-1), which corresponded to a negative group velocity v(g)
+	  similar or equal to -c/14 and a positive one v(g) similar or equal
+	  to c/31, respectively.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{YanRZ01,
+	author	    = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.},
+	title	    = {Nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in cold
+	  atoms},
+	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {26},
+	pages	    = {548-550},
+	abstract    = {We report an experimental observation of third-order
+	  nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in Rb-87 atoms cooled
+	  and confined in a magneto-optic trap. A coupling laser creates
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a multilevel Rb
+	  system in which the third-order nonlinear absorption is enhanced by
+	  constructive quantum interference while the linear absorption is
+	  inhibited by destructive interference. Our experiment demonstrates
+	  the EIT system proposed by Harris and Yamamoto [Phys. Rev. Lett.
+	  81, 3611 (1998)], which absorbs two photons but not one photon in
+	  the dressed-state picture. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{McGloinFD01,
+	author	    = {McGloin, D. and Fulton, D. J. and Dunn, M. H.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in N-level
+	  cascade schemes},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {190},
+	pages	    = {221-229},
+	abstract    = {We examine electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT) in cascade schemes with N levels and N - 1 fields. We show
+	  that transparency effects are present when N is odd and that
+	  destruction of EIT is present on line centre when N is even. We
+	  predict multiple dark resonances in such schemes due to multiphoton
+	  EIT effects. By examining atomic rubidium we propose methods of
+	  achieving such schemes by use of coupling rf fields into hyperfine
+	  levels. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ArtoniCLB01,
+	author	    = {Artoni, M. and Carusotto, I. and La Rocca, G. C. and
+	  Bassani, F.},
+	title	    = {Fresnel light drag in a coherently driven moving
+	  medium},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {86},
+	pages	    = {2549-2552},
+	abstract    = {We theoretically study how the phase of a light plane
+	  wave propagating in a resonant medium under electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) is affected by the uniform motion of the
+	  medium. For cuprous oxide (Cu2O), where EIT can be implemented
+	  through a typical pump-probe configuration, the resonant probe beam
+	  experiences a phase shift (Fresnel-Fizeau effect) that may vary
+	  over a wide range of values, positive or negative, and even
+	  vanishing, due to the combined effects of the strong frequency
+	  dispersion and anisotropy both induced by the pump. The use of such
+	  a coherently driven dragging medium may improve by at least 1 order
+	  of magnitude the sensitivity at low velocity in optical drag
+	  experiments.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{BenninkBSW01,
+	author	    = {Bennink, R. S. and Boyd, R. W. and Stroud, C. R. and
+	  Wong, V.},
+	title	    = {Enhanced self-action effects by electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency in the two-level atom},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {6303},
+	pages	    = {033804},
+	abstract    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has
+	  been studied primarily within the context of multilevel atomic
+	  systems. We show that EIT can occur also in a two-level atomic
+	  system and can lead to strong self-action and slow-light effects
+	  that are not hampered by material absorption, with important
+	  potential implications for processes such as squeezed-light
+	  generation and the propagation of optical solitons.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Kofman01,
+	author	    = {Kofman, A. G.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and evolution
+	  of a two-level system under a strong chaotic field},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {6303},
+	pages	    = {033810},
+	abstract    = {The present paper treats the electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT), i.e., the absorption spectrum of a weak
+	  probe field, near-resonant to a material transition, in the
+	  presence of a strong amplitude-phase fluctuating field which
+	  couples the upper level of the transition to another excited level.
+	  The coupling field is assumed to be chaotic (i.e., a complex
+	  Gaussian process with a Lorentzian spectrum) and so strong that the
+	  material relaxation and the detuning can be neglected. In addition,
+	  we consider the Fourier transform of the spectrum (U) over bar
+	  (aa)(t), which determines absorption of a probe field with a
+	  time-dependent intensity. The quantity (U) over bar (aa)(t) equals
+	  a diagonal element of the average reduced evolution operator of the
+	  two-level system (TLS), coupled by the strong field. As a starting
+	  point, we use the stationary, partially averaged stochastic
+	  Schrodinger equation, which has the form of a set of two
+	  second-order differential equations. The theory is developed by
+	  combining analytical and numerical approaches. For the most
+	  important regime, when the rms Rabi frequency V-0 is much greater
+	  than the coupling-held bandwidth nu, we obtain scaling relations
+	  for the EIT line shape and the TLS evolution. In particular, the
+	  absorption at the minimum (i.e., at the resonance frequency) scales
+	  as nu V1/3(0)-4/3, whereas the evolution function (U) over bar
+	  (aa)(t) performs damped oscillations with the decay rate on the
+	  order of (V(0)(2)nu)(1/3). These results differ significantly from
+	  those following from the uncorrelated-jump model. The results of
+	  this paper are shown to be applicable to more general models of
+	  amplitude-phase fluctuations than the Gaussian-Markovian chaotic
+	  field.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{KocharovskayaRS01,
+	author	    = {Kocharovskaya, O. and Rostovtsev, Y. and Scully, M.
+	  O.},
+	title	    = {Stopping light via hot atoms},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {86},
+	pages	    = {628-631},
+	abstract    = {We prove that it is possible to freeze a light pulse
+	  (i.e., to bring it to a full stop) or even to make its group
+	  velocity negative in a coherently driven Doppler broadened atomic
+	  medium via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This
+	  remarkable phenomenon of the ultraslow EIT polariton is based on
+	  the spatial dispersion of the refraction index n(w,k), i.e., its
+	  wave number dependence, which is due to atomic motion and provides
+	  a negative contribution to the group velocity. This is related to,
+	  but qualitatively different from, the recently observed light
+	  slowing caused by large temporal (frequency) dispersion.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ScullyAKKM01,
+	author	    = {Scully, M. O. and Agarwal, G. S. and Kocharovskaya, O.
+	  and Kozlov, V. V. and Matsko, A. B.},
+	title	    = {Mixed electromagnetically and self-induced
+	  transparency},
+	journal     = {Opt. Express},
+	year	    = {2001},
+	volume	    = {8},
+	pages	    = {66-75},
+	abstract    = {We show that application of self-induced transparency
+	  (SIT) solitons as a driving field in V-type electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) leads to "mixed induced transparency"
+	  (MIT) that nicely combines the best features of both SIT and EIT.
+	  (C) 2001 Optical Society of America.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WangGBX00,
+	author	    = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Burkett, W. H. and
+	  Xiao, M.},
+	title	    = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing by means of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {25},
+	pages	    = {1732-1734},
+	abstract    = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing in a ring cavity that is
+	  due to the high dispersion and reduced absorption produced by
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in rubidium-atom
+	  vapor has been experimentally observed. The cavity linewidth with
+	  rubidium atoms under EIT conditions can be significantly narrowed.
+	  Cavity-linewidth narrowing was measured as a function of coupling
+	  beam power. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{KosachiovK00,
+	author	    = {Kosachiov, D. V. and Korsunsky, E. A.},
+	title	    = {Efficient microwave-induced optical frequency
+	  conversion},
+	journal     = {Eur. Phys. J. D},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {11},
+	pages	    = {457-463},
+	abstract    = {Frequency conversion process is studied in a medium of
+	  atoms with a Lambda configuration of levels, where transition
+	  between two lower states is driven by a microwave field. In this
+	  system, conversion efficiency can be very high by virtue of the
+	  effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Depending
+	  on intensity of the microwave field, two regimes of EIT are
+	  realized: "dark-state" EIT for the weak field, and
+	  Autler-Townes-type EIT for the strong one. We study both cases via
+	  analytical and numerical solution and find optimum conditions for
+	  the conversion.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{GordonMJ00,
+	author	    = {Gordon, D. F. and Mori, W. B. and Joshi, C.},
+	title	    = {On the possibility of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency in a plasma. I. Infinite plasma},
+	journal     = {Phys. Plasmas},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {7},
+	pages	    = {3145-3155},
+	abstract    = {The theory of electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT) in a plasma [S. E. Harris, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5357 (1996)]
+	  is examined in the context of an infinite system. A new dispersion
+	  relation is derived which accounts for relativistic effects in an
+	  overdense plasma. Several branches of the dispersion relation are
+	  plotted and discussed. Particle simulations are used to confirm the
+	  findings. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics.
+	  [S1070-664X(00)00407-9].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{GordonMJ00,
+	author	    = {Gordon, D. F. and Mori, W. B. and Joshi, C.},
+	title	    = {On the possibility of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency in a plasma. II. Bounded plasma},
+	journal     = {Phys. Plasmas},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {7},
+	pages	    = {3156-3166},
+	abstract    = {The theory of electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT) in a plasma [S. E. Harris, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5357 (1996)]
+	  is examined in the context of a bounded system. It is found via
+	  particle simulations that an overdense plasma slab reflects short
+	  pulses even in the presence of an EIT passband. However, a
+	  two-frequency laser, or "beatwave," will cascade into a Stokes
+	  satellite with a frequency below the cut-off frequency. This can
+	  lead to an apparent EIT signature if a specific set of parameters
+	  are chosen. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics.
+	  [S1070-664X(00)00507-3].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{FleischhauerMS00,
+	author	    = {Fleischhauer, M. and Matsko, A. B. and Scully, M. O.},
+	title	    = {Quantum limit of optical magnetometry in the presence
+	  of ac Stark shifts},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {6201},
+	pages	    = {013808},
+	abstract    = {We analyze systematic (classical) and fundamental
+	  (quantum) limitations of the sensitivity of optical magnetometers
+	  resulting from ac Stark shifts. We show that in contrast to
+	  absorption-based techniques, the signal reduction associated with
+	  classical broadening can be compensated in magnetometers based on
+	  phase measurements using electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT). However due to ac Stark-associated quantum noise the
+	  signal-to-noise ratio of FIT-based magnetometers attains a maximum
+	  value at a certain laser intensity. This value is independent on
+	  the quantum statistics of the light and defines a standard quantum
+	  limit of sensitivity. We demonstrate that an EIT-based optical
+	  magnetometer in Faraday configuration is the best candidate to
+	  achieve the highest sensitivity of magnetic-field detection and
+	  give a detailed analysis of such a device.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{KozlovE00,
+	author	    = {Kozlov, V. V. and Eberly, J. H.},
+	title	    = {Ultrashort pulses in phaseonium: the interplay between
+	  SIT and EIT},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {179},
+	pages	    = {85-96},
+	abstract    = {Pulse propagation in the pure-state three-level medium
+	  called phaseonium by Marlan Scully is studied both analytically and
+	  numerically. Distinctions between SIT-type pulses (e.g., simultons)
+	  and EIT-type pulses are most naturally revealed by making use of
+	  dark and bright dressed-state amplitudes. We show that EIT-type and
+	  SIT-type pulses propagating in phaseonium are to be distinguished
+	  by the type of population evolution that they induce. (C) 2000
+	  Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{DormanKM00,
+	author	    = {Dorman, C. and Kucukkara, I. and Marangos, J. P.},
+	title	    = {Density dependent effects due to residual
+	  susceptibilities in a four-wave mixing scheme with
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {180},
+	pages	    = {263-270},
+	abstract    = {We have studied the generation of vacuum ultraviolet
+	  radiation (at 123.6 nm) produced in a resonant four-wave-mixing
+	  scheme in krypton, enhanced by electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency. The interplay between the non-linear susceptibility
+	  (governing the wave-mixing), the linear susceptibility (governing
+	  the absorption and dispersion), and the density-length product was
+	  examined both experimentally and numerically. We observe favourable
+	  scaling of the yield with density-length product (NL) up to a value
+	  of 5 X 10(16) cm(-2). Above this NL value the yield decreases due
+	  to the background wave-vector mismatch (Delta k(resid)), which
+	  arises from the additional atomic energy levels outside the three
+	  considered in the EIT enhanced mixing scheme. Our results suggest
+	  that further enhancements in frequency up-conversion can be
+	  achieved by employing a buffer gas as a phase matching agent. (C)
+	  2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{SchmidtR00,
+	author	    = {Schmidt, H. and Ram, R. J.},
+	title	    = {All-optical wavelength converter and switch based on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Appl. Phys. Lett.},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {76},
+	pages	    = {3173-3175},
+	abstract    = {We propose a method for all-optical switching and
+	  wavelength conversion using electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT). We discuss the mechanism for the transfer of
+	  information in this scheme and determine the conditions for which
+	  NxN wavelength conversion can be realized. We compare the
+	  properties and limits of an EIT-based switch to conventional
+	  wavelength converters. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics.
+	  [S0003-6951(00)03022-9].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ChenLY00,
+	author	    = {Chen, Y. C. and Lin, C. W. and Yu, I. A.},
+	title	    = {Role of degenerate Zeeman levels in
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {6105},
+	pages	    = {053805},
+	abstract    = {We have observed various Lambda-type
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra in
+	  laser-cooled Rb-87 atoms of different laser polarization
+	  configurations. Unexpected profiles occur in the EIT spectra. We
+	  have found the degenerate Zeeman sublevels are responsible for
+	  these profiles. The experimental data are in good agreement with
+	  the results from the theoretical calculation which takes into
+	  account all the 13 Zeeman levels in the Lambda system. Our study
+	  demonstrates that Zeeman sublevels play important roles in quantum
+	  interference phenomena such as EIT and amplification without
+	  population inversion (AWI), and should be taken into account in the
+	  analysis of these phenomena.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{EntinRBB00,
+	author	    = {Entin, V. M. and Ryabtsev, I. I. and Boguslavskii, A.
+	  E. and Beterov, I. M.},
+	title	    = {Experimental implementation of a four-level N-type
+	  scheme for the observation of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency},
+	journal     = {Jetp Lett.},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {71},
+	pages	    = {175-177},
+	abstract    = {A nondegenerate four-level N-type scheme was
+	  experimentally implemented to observe electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) at the Rb-87 D-2 line. Radiations of two
+	  independent external-cavity semiconductor lasers were used in the
+	  experiment, the current of one of them being modulated at a
+	  frequency equal to the hyperfine-splitting frequency of the excited
+	  5P(3/2) level. In this case, apart from the main EIT dip
+	  corresponding to the two-photon Raman resonance in a threelevel
+	  Lambda-scheme, additional dips detuned from the main dip by a
+	  frequency equal to the frequency of the HF generator were observed
+	  in the absorption spectrum. These dips were due to an increase in
+	  the medium transparency at frequencies corresponding to the
+	  three-photon Raman resonances in four- level N-type schemes. The
+	  resonance shapes are analyzed as functions of generator frequency
+	  and magnetic field. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{PodshivalovMOSW99,
+	author	    = {Podshivalov, A. A. and Matveev, O. I. and Omenetto, N.
+	  and Smith, B. W. and Winefordner, J. D.},
+	title	    = {Laser-induced population depletion effects in double
+	  resonance excitation with Hg-202 vapors},
+	journal     = {Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr.},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {54},
+	pages	    = {2157-2165},
+	abstract    = {By monitoring the green fluorescence transition of
+	  mercury vapor 7 S-3(1) --> 6 P-3(2)0 (546.074 nm) excited by two
+	  pulsed dye lasers tuned at two connected atomic resonant
+	  frequencies, i.e. 6 S-1(0) --> 6 P-3(1)0 (253.652 nm) and 6 P-3(1)0
+	  --> 7 S3(1) (435.835 nm), a decrease in the green fluorescence
+	  yield is experimentally observed when the intensity of the
+	  435.835-nm excitation transition exceeds similar to 5 kW/cm(2). A
+	  similar result is obtained at the yellow fluorescence transition 6
+	  D- 3(1) --> 6 P-1(1)0 (578.967 nm) when the second step is tuned to
+	  the 6 P-3(1)0 --> 6 D-3(1) transition (313.159 nm). At the same
+	  time, an increase in the transmittance of the ground state
+	  transition (253.652 nm) is observed. It is speculated that this
+	  effect, which occurs only when both laser pulses are temporally
+	  coincident, and is therefore not due to photoionization, can be
+	  ascribed to the existence of laser induced effects, such as a.c.
+	  Stark splitting of levels and possibly electromagnetically-induced
+	  transparency (EIT). Our experiment does not allow us to distinguish
+	  between these two effects, nor their quantitative evaluation,
+	  However, it is stressed that one cannot overlook them in those
+	  atomic multi-step excitation experiments in low collisional
+	  environments where a depletion of an intermediate level is
+	  involved, as for example in the case of atomic fluorescence: dip
+	  spectroscopy or atomic multistep and multiphoton resonance
+	  ionization spectroscopy. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science
+	  B.V. All rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{BentleyLL00,
+	author	    = {Bentley, C. L. and Liu, J. R. and Liao, Y.},
+	title	    = {Cavity electromagnetically induced transparency of
+	  driventhree-level atoms: A transparent window narrowing below a
+	  natural width},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {6102},
+	pages	    = {023811},
+	abstract    = {Steady-state dynamics of a Lambda atom in a ring
+	  cavity driven by two coherent fields are studied for arbitrary
+	  detunings, arbitrary incoherent pumping, and coherent driving
+	  intensities. Effects of both cavity and effective atom number on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) are pointed out. New
+	  physical pictures for cavity EIT are given in terms of collective
+	  cooperative coefficients and dispersion experienced by the probe.
+	  In the regime of smaller collective cooperative coefficients, an
+	  absorption-gain profile is reduced to that of a general EIT
+	  estimated by the imaginary part of a corresponding dipole moment,
+	  and its transparency window is directly proportional to power
+	  broadening, if the total Rabi frequency is large enough. But in the
+	  region of larger collective cooperative coefficients which means a
+	  dense atomic medium, longer optical path, or high-Q cavity, EIT is
+	  determined not only by the imaginary part but also by the real part
+	  of the corresponding dipole moment, which results in the
+	  possibility of observing an EIT central peak with a subnatural
+	  width, while there may be nearly no power broadening.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WernerI00,
+	author	    = {Werner, M. J. and Imamoglu, A.},
+	title	    = {Photon-photon interactions in cavity
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {6001},
+	pages	    = {011801},
+	abstract    = {Dissipation-free photon-photon interaction at the
+	  single-photon level is studied in the context of cavity
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). For a single
+	  multilevel atom exhibiting EIT in the strong cavity-coupling
+	  regime, the anharmonicity of the atom-cavity system has an upper
+	  bound determined by single atom-photon coupling strength. A photon
+	  blockade effect is inferred to occur for both singleand multiatom
+	  cases from the behavior of transition rates between dressed states
+	  of the system. Numerical calculations of the second-order coherence
+	  function indicate that photon antibunching in both single- and
+	  two-atom cases are strong and comparable.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{DongG00,
+	author	    = {Dong, P. and Gao, J. Y.},
+	title	    = {Appearance and disappearance of hole-burning behind an
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency window},
+	journal     = {Phys. Lett. A},
+	year	    = {2000},
+	volume	    = {265},
+	pages	    = {52-57},
+	abstract    = {We propose a new scheme of hole-burning when a strong
+	  coherent field, which makes an Electromagnetically Induced
+	  Transparency (EIT) window, could make more or disappearance of
+	  hole-burning in a Doppler broadening medium under different
+	  conditions. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. ALI rights
+	  reserved.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{BentleyL99,
+	author	    = {Bentley, C. L. and Liu, J. R.},
+	title	    = {LWI in a driven Lambda three-level atom and effects of
+	  the probe laser on EIT},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {169},
+	pages	    = {289-299},
+	abstract    = {Steady-state dynamics of a Lambda atom driven by two
+	  coherent fields is studied for arbitrary detunings, arbitrary
+	  incoherent pumping and coherent driving intensities. Effects of a
+	  strong probe on EIT are worked out. Features of EFT and LWI are
+	  presented in a new physical picture on the basis of the concepts of
+	  quantum interference and coherence. In the weak field regime, an
+	  absorption-gain profile is the subtraction of two Lorentzians with
+	  the same central frequency but different widths and heights. This
+	  case is mostly the result of quantum interference and coherence
+	  rather than the result of AutlerTownes level splitting. In a
+	  strong field regime, however, the profile is the addition of two
+	  Lorentzian-like components with different central frequencies but
+	  the same width, where Autler- Townes splitting and quantum
+	  interference are equally important. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier
+	  Science B.V. All rights reserved.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WeiM99,
+	author	    = {Wei, C. J. and Manson, N. B.},
+	title	    = {Observation of the dynamic Stark effect on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {60},
+	pages	    = {2540-2546},
+	abstract    = {Using electron-spin-resonance transitions within the
+	  nitrogenvacancy center in diamond, we have obtained a sharp
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) feature when the
+	  coupling and probing fields satisfy a two-photon resonance
+	  condition. In this paper it is shown that by the application of an
+	  additional driving field the sharp EIT feature can be split into a
+	  doublet or a triplet depending on the experimental configuration.
+	  The results are interpreted in terms of dynamic Stark splitting of
+	  the EIT feature, and the spectra are shown to be related to
+	  Autler-Townes and Mellow spectra. [S1050- 2947(99)10209-9].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{MoonKKK99,
+	author	    = {Moon, H. S. and Kim, H. A. and Kim, B. S. and Kim, J.
+	  B.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in an ideal
+	  threelevel system in Rb-87 atoms},
+	journal     = {J. Korean Phys. Soc.},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {35},
+	pages	    = {207-211},
+	abstract    = {We have suggested an ideal three-level system, which
+	  is the transition between the magnetic F = 1 and F' = 1 sublevels
+	  in the Rb-87 atom, for studying atomic coherence, and we have
+	  studied the electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) in that
+	  system. With two counter-rotating circularly polarized lasers,
+	  Doppler-free absorption reduction in an ideal R-type three-level
+	  atomic system is observed up to 95 \%, including optical pumping.
+	  After adding an incoherent repumping beam from F = 2 to F = 1
+	  through F' = 2, the maximum absorption reduction is approximately
+	  the same as 95 \%. In a magnetic field, EIT shows dispersion-like
+	  spectrum because of the detuning effect of the coupling laser due
+	  to Zeeman splitting of the magnetic sublevels.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{WeiM99,
+	author	    = {Wei, C. J. and Manson, N. B.},
+	title	    = {Observation of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency within an electron spin resonance transition},
+	journal     = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {1},
+	pages	    = {464-468},
+	abstract    = {A sharp transparency feature is induced in an allowed
+	  electron spin resonance (ESR) transition by driving a nominally
+	  spinforbidden transition. The width of the feature is narrower
+	  than the homogeneous linewidth of the ESR transition and is
+	  interpreted as being associated with electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT). Measurements are made for the nitrogen-vacancy
+	  centre in diamond and the signals are detected using a coherent
+	  optical technique.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{HamHKS99,
+	author	    = {Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R. and Kim, M. K. and
+	  Shahriar, S. M.},
+	title	    = {Quantum interference and its potential applications in
+	  a spectral hole-burning solid},
+	journal     = {Laser Phys.},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {9},
+	pages	    = {788-796},
+	abstract    = {We have reviewed observations of electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) in solids and its potential applications
+	  such as enhanced four-wave mixing, Raman excited optical memory,
+	  and rf-coupled optical gain.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{SchmidtNCMGI99,
+	author	    = {Schmidt, H. and Nikonov, D. E. and Campman, K. L. and
+	  Maranowski, K. D. and Gossard, A. C. and Imamoglu, A.},
+	title	    = {Quantum interference in semiconductor quantum wells},
+	journal     = {Laser Phys.},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {9},
+	pages	    = {797-812},
+	abstract    = {We present a review of theoretical and experimental
+	  evidence for quantum interference in intersubband transitions of
+	  coupled semiconductor quantum wells. Intersubband absorption
+	  spectra are calculated using semiconductor Bloch equations to
+	  include the Coulomb interaction between the conduction band
+	  electrons. We demonstrate that the absorption spectra must be
+	  viewed as collective excitations. In a configuration analogous to
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic systems,
+	  we show that quantum interference occurs between the levels of
+	  these collective intersubband excitations rather than single
+	  electronic states. Experiments which demonstrate quantum
+	  interference in coupled quantum wells due to tunneling induced
+	  transparency (TIT) are presented. The design issues for such
+	  samples are reviewed, and the effects of monolayer growth
+	  fluctuations on the spectra are simulated. Finally, we discuss the
+	  temperature dependence of TIT and demonstrate that the quantum
+	  interference persists at room temperature.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{BoonZMD99,
+	author	    = {Boon, J. R. and Zekou, E. and McGloin, D. and Dunn, M.
+	  H.},
+	title	    = {Comparison of wavelength dependence in cascade-,
+	  Lambda-, and Vee-type schemes for electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {59},
+	pages	    = {4675-4684},
+	abstract    = {We present a theoretical study of the effects of
+	  mismatching wavelengths for the coupling and probe fields in
+	  Dopplerbroadened media for the three basic energy level
+	  configurations commonly used to realize electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT). Three wavelength regimes are considered:
+	  mismatched wavelengths for which the coupling frequency is greater
+	  than the probe frequency, matched wavelengths for which the
+	  coupling and probe frequencies are equal, and mismatched
+	  wavelengths for which the probe frequency is greater than the
+	  coupling frequency. The transparency that may be induced in these
+	  regimes is compared for the cascade-, Lambda-, and Vee- type
+	  systems. We show that in the first mismatched regime (lambda(c) <
+	  lambda(p)) EIT is possible in all schemes and is in fact stronger
+	  than in the matched case. It is also demonstrated that for the
+	  second mismatched regime (lambda(c) > lambda(p)) EIT can be
+	  realized most readily in the Vee-type configuration in the presence
+	  of Doppler broadening. These predictions are explained by
+	  considering the absorption as a function of both the probe field
+	  detuning and the atomic velocity. [S1050-2947(99)01006-9].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{MitsunagaI99,
+	author	    = {Mitsunaga, M. and Imoto, N.},
+	title	    = {Observation of an electromagnetically induced grating
+	  in cold sodium atoms},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {59},
+	pages	    = {4773-4776},
+	abstract    = {We have observed diffraction signals by a grating
+	  originating from electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in
+	  a threelevel Lambda system of cold sodium atoms. Theoretical and
+	  experimental analyses of this phenomenon, called the
+	  electromagnetically induced grating (EIG), have revealed that EIG
+	  spectra exhibit background-free, Lorentzian signal profiles
+	  regardless of the pump frequencies, making a clear contrast to the
+	  case of ordinary EIT spectra.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{SadeghiM99,
+	author	    = {Sadeghi, S. M. and Meyer, J.},
+	title	    = {Two-field electromagnetically induced transparency and
+	  switching between ultranarrow absorption and gain features in
+	  rubidium atoms},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {59},
+	pages	    = {3998-4004},
+	abstract    = {We study the generation of an ultranarrow gain
+	  spectrum in an atomic transition when the upper transition level is
+	  coupled to the lower transition level by one laser and to a
+	  metastable state by another laser. It is shown that this spectrum
+	  switches abruptly into an ultranarrow absorption line with an
+	  increase in the first laser intensity. These results are explained
+	  by investigating the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)
+	  in a system where the upper transition level is coupled to two
+	  metastable states by two laser fields (ir; system). We discuss
+	  various features of such a transparency and show how it can be
+	  described as a structuring process, similar to the laser-induced
+	  continuum structure. Utilizing such a description of EIT, we
+	  explain the ultranarrow gain generation as a stimulated Rayleigh
+	  scattering process. [S1050-2947(99)048052].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{HamSH99,
+	author	    = {Ham, B. S. and Shahriar, S. M. and Hemmer, P. R.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency over spectral
+	  holeburning temperature in a rare-earth-doped solid},
+	journal     = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {16},
+	pages	    = {801-804},
+	abstract    = {We have observed electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) in rare-earth Pr3+-doped Y2SiO5 over the
+	  spectral hole-burning temperature. The transmission of the probe
+	  laser beam is increased by a factor of exp(1.4) at 12 K when a
+	  coupling laser of 1.2 kW/cm(2) is applied to the system. The
+	  observation of EIT over the spectral hole-burning temperature in a
+	  rare-earthdoped solid represents important progress toward
+	  high-density echo-based optical memories at higher temperatures.
+	  (C) 1999 Optical Society of America [S0740-3224(99)01605-7].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Kofman99,
+	author	    = {Kofman, A. G.},
+	title	    = {Intensity-fluctuation-induced spectral structure},
+	journal     = {Europhys. Lett.},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {46},
+	pages	    = {164-170},
+	abstract    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with
+	  chaotic field is considered for the constructive-interference case
+	  (i.e.,when the material transition is much narrower than the
+	  coupled one). The field intensity fluctuations are shown to induce
+	  a narrow peak at the material frequency in addition to the familiar
+	  Antler-Towns doublet. The dependence of the fluctuation-induced
+	  peak on the field bandwidth nu is obtained analytically and
+	  numerically. EIT is shown to increase with nu for sufficiently
+	  small nu.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{TokarykZS99,
+	author	    = {Tokaryk, D. W. and Zhang, G. Z. and Stoicheff, B. P.},
+	title	    = {Nonlinear optical generation in a hydrogen discharge},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {59},
+	pages	    = {3116-3119},
+	abstract    = {Sum-frequency generation with electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) has been examined in a hydrogen
+	  discharge. EIT is demonstrated in the 3p-1s and 4p-1s transitions
+	  at 102.6 and 97.3 nln, respectively, with increased efficiency of
+	  generation arising from higher H-atom density, although competing
+	  effects due to the presence of Hz distort the line shapes of these
+	  spectra. Only for shorter-wavelength transitions (such as 7p-1s and
+	  8p-1s) that show very large shifts and distortions is there a
+	  decrease in intensity in comparison with generated radiation from H
+	  atoms external to the discharge. [S1050-2917(99)01404-3].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{KorsunskyLHBW99,
+	author	    = {Korsunsky, E. A. and Leinfellner, N. and Huss, A. and
+	  Baluschev, S. and Windholz, L.},
+	title	    = {Phase-dependent electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {59},
+	pages	    = {2302-2305},
+	abstract    = {We report on the experimental demonstration of
+	  phase-dependent electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT).
+	  This effect is based on a quantum interference in closed-loop
+	  schemes of interaction of atoms with the radiation. It allows us to
+	  control optical properties of the medium by the phases of the laser
+	  fields. We discuss some of the possible applications of
+	  phase-dependent EIT. [S1050-2947(99)01003-3].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Fleischhauer99,
+	author	    = {Fleischhauer, M.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and
+	  coherent-state preparation in optically thick media},
+	journal     = {Opt. Express},
+	year	    = {1999},
+	volume	    = {4},
+	pages	    = {107-112},
+	abstract    = {The preparation of an optically dense ensemble of
+	  three-level systems in dark states of the interaction with coherent
+	  radiation is discussed. It is shown that methods involving
+	  spontaneous emissions of photons such as Raman optical pumping fail
+	  to work beyond a critical density due to multiple scattering and
+	  trapping of these photons and the associated decay of the dark
+	  state(s). In optically thick media coherentstate preparation is
+	  only possible by entirely coherent means such as stimulated Raman
+	  adiabatic passage (STIRAP). It is shown that STIRAP is the
+	  underlying physical mechanism for electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT). (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{IchimuraYG98,
+	author	    = {Ichimura, K. and Yamamoto, K. and Gemma, N.},
+	title	    = {Evidence for electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  in a solid medium},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {58},
+	pages	    = {4116-4120},
+	abstract    = {Strong evidence indicating the occurrence of
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a solid medium
+	  was found. Fluorescence reduction due to Err was observed in
+	  solids. The excitation intensity dependence of the fluorescence
+	  reduction was found to be consistent with theoretical predictions
+	  for EIT. It was experimentally demonstrated that the essential
+	  condition for the observation of EIT in solids is that the Rabi
+	  frequency of excitation must be larger than the inhomogeneous width
+	  of the transition between the two states coupled to the third state
+	  by the pair of optical fields. [S1050-2947(98)00311-9].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{DormanM98,
+	author	    = {Dorman, C. and Marangos, J. P.},
+	title	    = {Resonant sum-difference frequency mixing enhanced by
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency in krypton},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {58},
+	pages	    = {4121-4132},
+	abstract    = {We report experiments that investigate the generation
+	  of coherent VUV radiation at 123.6 nm via a resonant sum-
+	  difference frequency mixing scheme in Kr. One of the mixing fields
+	  at 212.55 nm was in two-photon resonance with the transition
+	  between the 4p(6) S-1 ground state and the 4p(5) 5p[0,1/2] excited
+	  state (94 093.7 cm(-1)). The second field (the coupling field) at
+	  759 nm was in single-photon resonance with the transition between
+	  the 4p(5) 5p[0,1/2] state and the 4p(5) 5s[1,1/2] state at 80 917.6
+	  cm(-1). The presence of the coupling field leads to
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) at the wavelength of
+	  the generated field, 123.6 nm. This is predicted to enhance the
+	  four-wave-mixing efficiency by a large factor. We have studied the
+	  dependence of the four-wave mixing process on the detuning and
+	  strength of the coupling field. The efficiency for four-wave mixing
+	  was found to be enhanced by a significant factor (>5) by the EIT
+	  effect when the resonant coupling field strength exceeded about
+	  half the Doppler width (0.1 cm(-1)). A calculation for
+	  monochromatic fields and a uniform slab of gas provided qualitative
+	  agreement with the results of experiment. The relative conversion
+	  efficiency for this resonant mixing scheme is found to be 10(4)
+	  times greater than that for a similar scheme where the coupling
+	  laser is tuned far (1270 cm(-1)) off resonance. A substantial part
+	  of this resonant enhancement can thus be attributed to the EIT
+	  effect. [S1050-2947(98)00511-3].}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{YamamotoIG98,
+	author	    = {Yamamoto, K. and Ichimura, K. and Gemma, N.},
+	title	    = {Enhanced and reduced absorptions via quantum
+	  interference: Solid system driven by a rf field},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {58},
+	pages	    = {2460-2466},
+	abstract    = {We observed quantum interference effects in
+	  steady-state optical absorption in a V-type three-level system of
+	  Pr3+:YAlO3 where a hyperfine transition between two upper levels
+	  was homogeneously broadened by pure dephasing. This V-type system
+	  was excited by a single driving radio-frequency (rf) field and two
+	  probe laser fields (quantum-beat scheme). The probe absorption was
+	  constructively or destructively affected by the phase of the
+	  driving rf field. In contrast, under two-laser excitation without
+	  application of the rf, no absorption change due to
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was observed. A
+	  comparison of observations and theoretical predictions revealed
+	  that the quantum-beat scheme generates quantum interference even
+	  when the dephasing rate between the two upper levels is comparable
+	  with the Rabi frequency of the probe laser, and completely destroys
+	  EIT.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ChenDMV98,
+	author	    = {Chen, H. X. and Durrant, A. V. and Marangos, J. P. and
+	  Vaccaro, J. A.},
+	title	    = {Observation of transient electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency in a rubidium Lambda system},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {58},
+	pages	    = {1545-1548},
+	abstract    = {Observation of transient effects in
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in Rb-85
+	  cooled in a magnetooptical trap. The transmission of a weak probe
+	  beam in resonance with the 5S(1/2)(F=3) to 5P(3/2)(F=3) hyperfine
+	  transition increased transiently when a relatively strong coupling
+	  field in resonance with the 5S(1/2)(F=2) to 5P(3/2)(F=3) hyperfine
+	  transition was switched on rapidly using a Pockels cell. The probe
+	  transient showed an initial Rabi half-cycle overshoot before
+	  settling down to steady-state EIT. The results agreed well with
+	  computations using a three-state model of the Lambda system. The
+	  computations also suggest that transient gain should be observed
+	  with coupling field power only four times larger than that
+	  presently available to us. [S1050-2947(98)03308-3].
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{SchmidtI98,
+	author	    = {Schmidt, H. and Imamoglu, A.},
+	title	    = {High-speed properties of a phase-modulation scheme
+	  based on electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {23},
+	pages	    = {1007-1009},
+	abstract    = {Recently a cross-phase modulation scheme that yields
+	  giant Kerr nonlinearities by use of an electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) was proposed [Schmidt and Imamoglu, Opt. Lett.
+	  21, 1936 (1996)]. We analyze the high-speed properties of this
+	  scheme for short-pulse propagation. the high-speed properties of
+	  this scheme for short-pulse propagation. system and show that for
+	  short pulses one-photon losses are dominant. We demonstrate that
+	  over the entire width the attainable phase shift in an EIT scheme
+	  with a quasi-cm coupling field is orders of magnitude higher than
+	  in a conventional three-level scheme or in EIT schemes, in which
+	  matched pulses are used to create the transparency. (C) 1998
+	  Optical Society of America.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{LeeS98,
+	author	    = {Lee, H. and Scully, M. O.},
+	title	    = {The physics of EIT and LWI in V-type configurations},
+	journal     = {Found. Phys.},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {28},
+	pages	    = {585-600},
+	abstract    = {We review the concepts and the physics behind
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and lasing without
+	  inversion (LWI) for various models of the V-type configurations.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{BaluschevLKW98,
+	author	    = {Baluschev, S. and Leinfellner, N. and Korsunsky, E. A.
+	  and Windholz, L.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in a sodium
+	  vapour cell},
+	journal     = {Eur. Phys. J. D},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {2},
+	pages	    = {5-10},
+	abstract    = {The report on an investigation of electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) in sodium vapour. In our experiment,
+	  sodium atoms are excited on the D-1-line with laser radiation
+	  containing two components with a frequency difference close to that
+	  of the two hyperfine ground states of sodium (1.772 GHz). Such an
+	  excitation leads to coherent trapping of atomic population in
+	  "dark" superpositional states, which dramatically reduces the
+	  absorption of light. A frequency transparency window is measured to
+	  have a subnatural width, which is a clear indication of coherent
+	  population trapping. Dependence of EIT on laser frequencies and
+	  intensities, on the magnetic field strength as well as on the
+	  temperature of the sodium vapour is studied.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{DormanMP98,
+	author	    = {Dorman, C. and Marangos, J. P. and Petch, J. C.},
+	title	    = {Investigation of vacuum ultraviolet generation in a
+	  resonant four-wave mixing scheme in krypton with
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {45},
+	pages	    = {1123-1135},
+	abstract    = {We report experiments investigating a resonant
+	  sum-difference frequency mixing scheme in krypton producing
+	  coherent radiation at 123.6 nm (i.e. in the vacuum ultraviolet
+	  (VUV)). Owing to the resonant nature of this scheme,
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) plays a crucial role
+	  in the generation of this coherent radiation, resulting in a
+	  greatly enhanced conversion efficiency. This is the first time a
+	  resonant sumdifference mixing scheme involving EIT, that
+	  generates VUV radiation, has been investigated experimentally. Our
+	  results are in broad agreement with theoretical predictions.
+	  Measurements are presented of the dependence of VUV generation on
+	  laser detuning (in the range +/-3 cm(-1)) and laser powers. In
+	  particular the dependence on the coupling field strength has been
+	  studied in the range of coupling held Rabi frequencies Omega(c) =
+	  0.05-3 cm(-1). We estimate an enhancement in the conversion
+	  efficiency, compared with the non-resonant case, of greater than
+	  10(2).
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{CroninWLF98,
+	author	    = {Cronin, A. D. and Warrington, R. B. and Lamoreaux, S.
+	  K. and Fortson, E. N.},
+	title	    = {Studies of electromagnetically induced transparency in
+	  thallium vapor and possible utility for measuring atomic parity
+	  nonconservation},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {80},
+	pages	    = {3719-3722},
+	abstract    = {Motivated by the potential use of electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) to measure atomic parity nonconservation
+	  (PNC), we have studied EIT and associated optical rotation for a
+	  three-level system in thallium vapor. EIT allows sub-Doppler
+	  resolution of the 6P(1/2) --> 6P(3/2) mixed magnetic dipole,
+	  electric quadrupole transition at 1.28 mu m when 0.535-mu m
+	  radiation acts on the 6P(3/2) --> 7S(1/2) transition. Our
+	  measurements include rotation due to electromagnetically induced
+	  birefringence and Faraday rotation perturbed by EIT. We also
+	  identify a new method for determining the amplitude ratio E2/M1 for
+	  the 1.28-mu m transition. The possible advantages of an EIT
+	  technique for measuring atomic PNC are discussed in the context of
+	  our results.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{KuhnSB98,
+	author	    = {Kuhn, A. and Steuerwald, S. and Bergmann, K.},
+	title	    = {Coherent population transfer in NO with pulsed lasers:
+	  the consequences of hyperfine structure, Doppler broadening and
+	  electromagnetically induced absorption},
+	journal     = {Eur. Phys. J. D},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {1},
+	pages	    = {57-70},
+	abstract    = {Coherent population transfer between vibrational
+	  levels of the NO molecule induced by the interaction of two delayed
+	  laser pulses, also referred to as stimulated Raman scattering
+	  involving adiabatic passage (STIRAP), is studied experimentally in
+	  a molecular beam and in the bulk. The consequences of hyperfine
+	  splitting and Doppler broadening are discussed in detail. Unlike in
+	  previous studies of this kind, transfer occurs simultaneously
+	  between more than one group of non degenerate levels. In a
+	  molecular beam or in the bulk, the transfer efficiency of STIRAP
+	  exceeds that, obtained by Stimulated Emission Pumping (SEP) by a
+	  factor of 3.6 or 15, respectively. We estimate the absolute
+	  transfer efficiency T in the beam to be T approximate to 60\%,
+	  while T approximate to 18\% is found in the bulk. In both cases:
+	  this is 60\% of the maximum value expected from numerical studies.
+	  Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Finally we
+	  show that the absorption of a pump pulse in a weakly absorbing
+	  medium is significantly enhanced by the presence of a copropagating
+	  Stokes pulse when the Rabi frequency Omega s of the latter is
+	  smaller than the width of the Doppler profile Delta nu(D). The
+	  relation of this observation to the phenomenon of
+	  Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT), which is observed
+	  for Omega s >> Delta nu(D), is also discussed.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Marangos98,
+	author	    = {Marangos, J. P.},
+	title	    = {Topical review electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency},
+	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {45},
+	pages	    = {471-503},
+	abstract    = {The subject of electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) is reviewed in this paper. Emphasis is placed on
+	  the experimental work reported in this field since 1990.
+	  Theoretical work is also covered, although it is not intended to
+	  review all the very numerous recent theoretical treatments on this
+	  topic. The basic physical ideas behind EIT are elucidated. The
+	  relation of EIT to other processes involving laser-induced atomic
+	  coherence, such as coherent population trapping, coherent adiabatic
+	  population transfer and lasing without inversion, is discussed.
+	  Experimental work is described covering the following topics: EIT
+	  with pulsed and continuouswave sources, lasing without inversion,
+	  pulse propagation in a laser dressed medium and EIT in nonlinear
+	  optical processes. A full set of references and a bibliography are
+	  included.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{LukinFSV98,
+	author	    = {Lukin, M. D. and Fleischhauer, M. and Scully, M. O.
+	  and Velichansky, V. L.},
+	title	    = {Intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {23},
+	pages	    = {295-297},
+	abstract    = {The effect of intracavity electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) on the properties of optical resonators and
+	  active laser devices is discussed theoretically. Pronounced
+	  frequency pulling and cavity-linewidth narrowing are predicted. The
+	  EIT effect can be used to reduce classical and quantumphase noise
+	  of the beat note of an optical oscillator substantially.
+	  Fundamental limits of this stabilization mechanism as well as its
+	  potential application to high- resolution spectroscopy are
+	  discussed. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{VaccaroDRHCH98,
+	author	    = {Vaccaro, J. A. and Durrant, A. V. and Richards, D. and
+	  Hopkins, S. A. and Chen, H. X. and Hill, K. E.},
+	title	    = {Stochastic wavefunction diagrams for
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency, inversionless gain and
+	  shelving},
+	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
+	year	    = {1998},
+	volume	    = {45},
+	pages	    = {315-333},
+	abstract    = {A rigorous diagrammatic description of stochastic
+	  wavefunction evolution for electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT) and inversionless gain in coherently driven three-level
+	  systems is developed and applied to transient and steady-state
+	  conditions. Wavefunction trajectories are illustrated for cases
+	  that include Lambda and V-type EIT, shelving and dressed-state
+	  resonances.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ScullyBRZ97,
+	author	    = {Scully, M. O. and Bednar, C. J. and Rostovtsev, Y. and
+	  Zhu, S. Y.},
+	title	    = {Counter-counter-intuitive quantum coherence effects},
+	journal     = {Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng.
+	  Sci.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {355},
+	pages	    = {2305-2311},
+	abstract    = {The study of an ensemble of phase-coherent atoms has
+	  recently lead to interesting theoretical innovations and
+	  experimental demonstrations of counter-intuitive effects such as
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), lasing without
+	  inversion (LWI), enhancement of index of refraction and ultra-
+	  large nonlinear susceptibility. In the present notes, we report a
+	  couple of new effects along these lines. In fact, it would be fair
+	  to call them surprises even in the repertoire of 'counter-
+	  intuitive effects', i.e. 'counter-counter-intuitive effects'.
+	  Specifically, we will show that the LWI concept, which is based on
+	  quantum coherence, has an interesting counterpart in the classical
+	  physics of free electron laser operation. In other current work, we
+	  find that it is possible to 'lock' atoms in an excited state via
+	  atomic coherence. It is, by now, not surprising that such a
+	  phase-coherent ensemble can show holes or dark lines in the
+	  emission spectrum. It is surprising that we can lock atoms in an
+	  excited (normally decaying) state via atomic coherence and
+	  interference. Such a phase-coherent collection of atoms, i.e.
+	  'phaseonium', is indeed a novel new state of matter.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{HamHS97,
+	author	    = {Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R. and Shahriar, M. S.},
+	title	    = {Efficient electromagnetically induced transparency in
+	  a rareearth doped crystal},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {144},
+	pages	    = {227-230},
+	abstract    = {We have observed up to 100\% transmission of a probe
+	  field at line center due to electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) in an optically dense rare-earth crystal of Pr3+
+	  doped Y2SiO5 at 5.5 K. We also have examined both laser field
+	  intensity and temperature dependence of the EIT. Efficient EIT in
+	  this crystal opens potential applications such as efficient
+	  high-resolution image processing and signal processing, and optical
+	  data storage as well as lasers without population inversion in
+	  solids. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{CataliottiFPI97,
+	author	    = {Cataliotti, F. S. and Fort, C. and Prevedelli, M. and
+	  Inguscio, M.},
+	title	    = {Full resolution of the Autler-Townes Zeeman multiplet
+	  for cold cesium atoms in a three-level Lambda-type configuration},
+	journal     = {Can. J. Phys.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {75},
+	pages	    = {767-773},
+	abstract    = {Cold cesium atoms released from a magneto-optical trap
+	  were investigated in Lambda-type configurations of hyperfine levels
+	  of the D-2 line. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was
+	  observed and studied as a function of relevant parameters of the
+	  pump-probe lasers. Full resolution of the Zeeman degeneracy was
+	  obtained for the first time through the different dependence of the
+	  Autler-Townes effect.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{LukinFZRVHS97,
+	author	    = {Lukin, M. D. and Fleischhauer, M. and Zibrov, A. S.
+	  and Robinson, H. G. and Velichansky, V. L. and Hollberg, L. and
+	  Scully, M. O.},
+	title	    = {Spectroscopy in dense coherent media: Line narrowing
+	  and interference effects},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {79},
+	pages	    = {2959-2962},
+	abstract    = {Spectroscopic properties of coherently prepared,
+	  optically dense atomic media are studied experimentally and
+	  analyzed theoretically. It is shown that in such media the power
+	  broadening of the resonances can be substantially reduced. A
+	  density-dependent spectral narrowing of the electromagnetically
+	  induced transparency (EIT) window and novel, even narrower,
+	  resonances superimposed on the EIT line are observed in dense Rb
+	  vapor. A nonlinear two-photon spectroscopic technique based on
+	  coherent atomic media and combining high resolution with a large
+	  signal-to-noise ratio seems feasible.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Kofman97,
+	author	    = {Kofman, A. G.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with coherent
+	  and stochastic fields},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {56},
+	pages	    = {2280-2291},
+	abstract    = {This paper deals with electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT), i.e., a significant suppression of absorption
+	  at a material transition (in the form of a dip in an absorption
+	  spectrum), due to a strong laser field, coupling the excited level
+	  with an auxiliary excited (unpopulated) level. A comprehensive
+	  theory of EIT is developed for the cases of coherent and Markovian
+	  phase-and amplitude-phase-fluctuating coupling fields. For a
+	  coherent coupling field, a shift of the absorption minimum from the
+	  two-photon resonance is revealed in the off-resonance case. Two
+	  models of amplitude-phase fluctuating fields are considered: the
+	  chaotic field and the uncorrelated-jump field. Closed analytical
+	  expressions for EIT line shape are derived and exact Limits of
+	  different regimes of EIT an obtained, the emphasis being on the
+	  near-resonance case, The main conclusion is that an
+	  amplitude-phase-fluctuating field can induce significant
+	  transparency, though reduced in comparison to a phase-fluctuating
+	  field of the same average intensity and bandwidth. EIT decreases
+	  with the increase of the bandwidth for all stochastic models
+	  considered. EIT with a chaotic field is generally less pronounced
+	  than EIT with an uncorrelated-jump field of the same intensity and
+	  bandwidth, the difference increasing with the field intensity. The
+	  possibility of experimental verification of the results obtained is
+	  discussed.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{HamSH97,
+	author	    = {Ham, B. S. and Shahriar, M. S. and Hemmer, P. R.},
+	title	    = {Enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing owing to
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency in a spectral holeburning
+	  crystal},
+	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {22},
+	pages	    = {1138-1140},
+	abstract    = {We have demonstrated electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) in an inhomogeneously broadened spectral
+	  hole-burning system of Pr3+-doped Y2SiO5 at 6 K. We have also shown
+	  enhancement of four-wave mixing under conditions of reduced
+	  absorption. This demonstration opens the possibilities of pursuing
+	  EIT applications such as high-resolution optical image processing
+	  and optical data storage in solids. (C) 1997 Optical Society of
+	  America.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ZhangTSH97,
+	author	    = {Zhang, G. Z. and Tokaryk, D. W. and Stoicheff, B. P.
+	  and Hakuta, K.},
+	title	    = {Nonlinear generation of extreme-ultraviolet radiation
+	  in atomic hydrogen using electromagnetically induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {56},
+	pages	    = {813-819},
+	abstract    = {Sum-frequency generation enhanced by
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been extended to
+	  the production of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the range
+	  97.3-92.6 nm from np-ls transitions (n = 4-8) in atomic hydrogen.
+	  Pulsed radiation Was generated by strong coupling of the np and 2s
+	  levels with laser radiation at Balmer wavelengths, and
+	  simultaneously (weaker) coupling of the 2s and Is levels by
+	  two-photon resonance with 243-nm laser radiation.
+	  Investigations were carried out over a range of laser intensities
+	  and products of interaction length and atomic density (NL). As the
+	  product NL increased, the XUV intensities were greatly enhanced by
+	  EIT, and at high NL values, the spectral distributions of some of
+	  the generated signals were found to be distorted by the presence of
+	  molecular hydrogen. Calculated profiles, modified to incorporate
+	  the effects of nearby molecular resonances, were shown to be in
+	  good agreement with the observed spectra.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{SchmidtCGI97,
+	author	    = {Schmidt, H. and Campman, K. L. and Gossard, A. C. and
+	  Imamoglu, A.},
+	title	    = {Tunneling induced transparency: Fano interference in
+	  intersubband transitions},
+	journal     = {Appl. Phys. Lett.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {70},
+	pages	    = {3455-3457},
+	abstract    = {We report the observation of tunneling induced
+	  transparency in asymmetric double quantum well structures. Resonant
+	  tunneling through a thin barrier is used to coherently couple the
+	  two upper states in a three level system of electronic subbands in
+	  a GaAs/AlGaAs structure. This creates Fano-type interferences for
+	  the collective intersubband excitations in the absorption from the
+	  ground state, analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency
+	  (EIT) in atomic systems. We observe a 50\% reduction in absorption
+	  between the subband resonances which can be explained by taking
+	  into account the coherent coupling of the upper states. We analyze
+	  the bias dependent absorption spectra and determine the relevant
+	  lifetime broadening and dephasing rates for the transitions. (C)
+	  1997 American Institute of Physics.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{FortCHIP97,
+	author	    = {Fort, C. and Cataliotti, F. S. and Hansch, T. W. and
+	  Inguscio, M. and Prevedelli, M.},
+	title	    = {Gain without inversion on the cesium D-1 line},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {139},
+	pages	    = {31-34},
+	abstract    = {We investigated electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) in a V-type system in cesium at room
+	  temperature: a strong coupling laser at 852 nm was locked on the
+	  D-2 transition while the transmission of a weak probe at 894 nm has
+	  been recorded as the frequency was scanned through the D-1
+	  transition. The addition of an incoherent pump on the D-1 line has
+	  allowed for the observation of non-inverted gain. A systematic
+	  investigation of the effect for different hyperfine sublevels has
+	  been performed as a function of the relevant experimental
+	  parameters.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{HopkinsUCD97,
+	author	    = {Hopkins, S. A. and Usadi, E. and Chen, H. X. and
+	  Durrant, A. V.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency of
+	  laser-cooled rubidium atoms in three-level Lambda-type systems},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {138},
+	pages	    = {185-192},
+	abstract    = {We have observed electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency (EIT) in laser-cooled rubidium in a magneto-optical
+	  trap (MOT). Lambda-type configurations of hyperfine levels of the
+	  D2 line were studied, as well as a system utilising degenerate
+	  Zeeman sublevels of the ground state. V-type signals were also
+	  seen. The perturbing effects of the MOT were found to be small and
+	  the results agree well with standard EIT theory for
+	  homogeneously-broadened samples.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{SandhyaS97,
+	author	    = {Sandhya, S. N. and Sharma, K. K.},
+	title	    = {Atomic coherence effects in four-level systems:
+	  Doppler-free absorption within an
+	  electromagnetically-induced-transparency window},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {55},
+	pages	    = {2155-2158},
+	abstract    = {We report here an effect in a four-level ladderlike
+	  system, which is in contrast to the usual quantum interference
+	  effects such as electromagnetically induced transperency (EIT) or
+	  coherent population trapping: we predict the occurrence of a narrow
+	  absorption peak within the EIT window when an EIT atomic system
+	  interacts with an additional driving rf field. The
+	  Doppler-free-central absorption appears when the three-photon
+	  resonance condition is satisfied. In the limit of the rf field
+	  strength Omega(rf)-->0, the usual EIT profile is recovered.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{GongXP97,
+	author	    = {Gong, S. Q. and Xu, Z. Z. and Pan, S. H.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced focusing in a Lambda-type
+	  medium},
+	journal     = {Acta Phys. Sin.-Overseas Ed.},
+	year	    = {1997},
+	volume	    = {6},
+	pages	    = {13-17},
+	abstract    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an
+	  inhomogenously broadened medium consisting of h-type threelevel
+	  atoms has been analyzed. It is shown that the Lambda system can
+	  induce a transparency of the medium when the probe laser and the
+	  coupling laser have the same frequency detunings (including zero).
+	  Across the EIT window, the radial variation of the strong coupling
+	  laser radiation may lead to electromagnetically induced focusing or
+	  defocusing of the weak probe laser at separate probe frequency
+	  detuning points.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{ShepherdFD96,
+	author	    = {Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and Dunn, M. H.},
+	title	    = {Wavelength dependence of coherently induced
+	  transparency in a Doppler-broadened cascade medium},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1996},
+	volume	    = {54},
+	pages	    = {5394-5399},
+	abstract    = {The effect of changing the coupling laser transition,
+	  and hence the wavelength, on the coherently induced transparency
+	  seen by a probe beam in a Doppler-broadened cascade
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) configuration is
+	  studied experimentally and theoretically. The transparency of the
+	  vapor is shown to be an effect not just of EIT, but of the varying
+	  Autler-Townes splitting for each velocity group within the vapor.
+	  Consequently, the best overall transparency for Rabi splittings
+	  less than the Doppler width is not at the position of matched
+	  coupling and probe wavelengths, but for coupling wavelengths less
+	  than that of the probe.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{LiX96,
+	author	    = {Li, Y. Q. and Xiao, M.},
+	title	    = {Enhancement of nondegenerate four-wave mixing based on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms},
+	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
+	year	    = {1996},
+	volume	    = {21},
+	pages	    = {1064-1066},
+	abstract    = {We report an experimental observation of the
+	  enhancement of nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) based on
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a lambda-type
+	  three-level system of rubidium atoms. We measured both the linear
+	  susceptibility Im chi(1) over (D) (absorption) and the third-order
+	  nonlinear coefficient chi(3) over (D) separately for the NDFWM
+	  process at a low atomic density. We found that, owing to the EIT
+	  effect, the linear absorption term Im chi(1) over d(D) is greatly
+	  reduced, while the nonlinear generation term chi(3) over (D) is
+	  resonantly enhanced, permitting us to observe a significant
+	  enhancement of the NDFWM signal in an optically dense medium. (C)
+	  1996 Optical Society of America.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{RiceB96,
+	author	    = {Rice, P. R. and Brecha, R. J.},
+	title	    = {Cavity induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {1996},
+	volume	    = {126},
+	pages	    = {230-235},
+	abstract    = {We consider a two-level atom inside a cavity. We find
+	  that the absorption spectrum of the atom may exhibit a hole at line
+	  center for a weak probe. This hole appears when the cavity
+	  linewidth is small compared to the atom-field coupling strength,
+	  which is itself smaller than the atom's free space linewidth. In
+	  the weak-field limit, this system is analogous to a three-level
+	  atom, where similar absorption holes at line center occur due to
+	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). In EIT, a strong
+	  field is required to strongly mix the upper two levels, whereas in
+	  the system we consider, it is the atom-field coupling strength that
+	  plays this role. An alternate explanation in terms of interference
+	  between the cavity field and atomic polarization is given. We also
+	  examine the driven cavity case.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{MoseleySFSD96,
+	author	    = {Moseley, R. R. and Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and
+	  Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.},
+	title	    = {Electromagnetically-induced focusing},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1996},
+	volume	    = {53},
+	pages	    = {408-415},
+	abstract    = {The theoretical basis for electromagnetically-induced
+	  focusing (EIF), which is caused by spatial variations-in the
+	  coupling laser strength in an electromagnetically-induced
+	  transparency (EIT) experiment, is studied in detail. Using a
+	  numerical model it is shown that radial changes in both absorption
+	  and refractive index are important in predicting the probe beam's
+	  propagation conditions. Detailed calculations of the focusing and
+	  defocusing during EIF under various conditions are presented and
+	  compared with appropriate experiments.
+	  Diffraction like patterns are predicted for, and observed on, a
+	  probe beam after propagation through a smaller EIT aperture.}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{FultonSMSD95,
+	author	    = {Fulton, D. J. and Shepherd, S. and Moseley, R. R. and
+	  Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.},
+	title	    = {Continuous-wave electromagnetically induced
+	  transparency - a comparison of v-system, lambda-system, and cascade
+	  systems},
+	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
+	year	    = {1995},
+	volume	    = {52},
+	pages	    = {2302-2311},
+	abstract    = {A theoretical and experimental investigation has been
+	  carried out into the viability of V-type, Lambda-type, and cascade
+	  systems within rubidium for the observation of
+	  electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT), A Lambda-type
+	  system is also discussed where EIT is induced on a two-photon
+	  transition. Continuous-wave single-frequency titanium sapphire
+	  lasers have been employed to provide the applied optical fields. It
+	  is found that systems that have a strong coupling field resonant
+	  with the 5S(1/2) ground state suffer from complicating optical
+	  pumping mechanisms that tend to mask EIT windows. It is also found
+	  that wavelength matching of the applied optical fields enhances the
+	  observation of EIT since this results in a reduced residual Doppler
+	  linewidth of the atomic system.
+	  }
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{MoseleySFSD95,
+	author	    = {Moseley, R. R. and Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and
+	  Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.},
+	title	    = {2-photon effects in continuous-wave
+	  electromagnetically-induced transparency},
+	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
+	year	    = {1995},
+	volume	    = {119},
+	pages	    = {61-68},
+	abstract    = {Electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) in a
+	  cascade three-level scheme is studied in rubidium vapour using
+	  continuous-wave titanium sapphire lasers. A counter-propagating
+	  experimental configuration significantly reduces the coupling laser
+	  power requirements and a reduction in absorption of over 90\% is
+	  observed. The hyperfine structure of the upper level is seen within
+	  the EIT feature and the application of EIT to highresolution
+	  two-photon spectroscopy is discussed. Simultaneous measurements of
+	  the excitation to the upper state are presented and clearly show
+	  Autler-Townes splitting and power broadening.}
+}
+