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| -rw-r--r-- | eit_1995_2003.bib | 2710 | ||||
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diff --git a/bibliography.bib b/bibliography.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f856d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/bibliography.bib @@ -0,0 +1,3904 @@ +@Article{arimondo'76, + author = "E.\ Arimondo and G.\ Orriols", + journal = "Nuovo Cimento Lett.", + volume = "17", + pages = "333 --+", + year = "1976", +} + +@Article{agapyev'93, + author = "B.\ D.\ Agapyev and M.\ B.\ Gornyi and B.\ G.\ Matisov and Y. V.Rozhdestvenskii", + journal = " Usp.\ Fiz.\ Nauk ", + volume = "163", + pages = "1--+", + year = "1993", +} + +@Article{harris'97pt, + title = "Electromagnetically Induced Transparency", + author = "S. E. Harris", + journal = " Physics Today", + volume = "50", + number = "7", + month = "July", + pages = "36", + year = "1997", +} + +@Article{marangos'98, + author = "J.\ P.\ Marangos", + title = "Topical review electromagnetically induced transparency", + journal = " J.\ Mod.\ Opt. ", + volume = "45", + pages = " 471 --+", + year = "1998", + abstract = { + The subject of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reviewed in this paper. Emphasis is placed on the experimental work reported in this field since 1990. Theoretical work is also covered, although it is not intended to review all the very numerous recent theoretical treatments on this topic. The basic physical ideas behind EIT are elucidated. The relation of EIT to other processes involving laser-induced atomic coherence, such as coherent population trapping, coherent adiabatic population transfer and lasing without inversion, is discussed. Experimental work is described covering the following topics: EIT with pulsed and continuous-wave sources, lasing without inversion, pulse propagation in a laser dressed medium and EIT in nonlinear optical processes. A full set of references and a bibliography are included. + } +} + +@Article{arimondo'96pra, + author = "E.\ Arimondo", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ A ", + volume = "54", + pages = " 2216 --+", + year = "1996", +} + +@Article{happer'72, + author = "W.\ Happer", + journal = " Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys. ", + volume = "44", + pages = "169--249", + year = "1972", +} + +@Article{wynands'99, + author = "R.\ Wynands and A.\ Nagel", + title = "Precision spectroscopy with coherent dark states", + journal = " Appl.\ Phys.\ B ", + volume = "68", + pages = " 1 -- 25", + year = "1999", + abstract = { +Using optical phase-locking and a buffer gas, coherent population trapping resonances with linewidths below 50 Hz can be observed in a thermal cesium vapor. External influences on the cesium multilevel system, such as magnetic fields, laser polarizations and intensities, have been studied and can quantitatively be described by intuitive theoretical models. Based on these investigations we have performed precision measurements, for instance the sensitive detection of magnetic fields in the pT (ac) and nT (dc) range and the determination of g-factor ratios. + }, +} + +@Article{dancheva'00, + author = "Y.\ Dancheva and G.\ Alzetta and S.\ Cartaleva and M.\ Taslakov and C.\ Andreeva", + journal = " Opt.\ Comm. ", + volume = "178", + pages = " 103 --+", + year = "2000", +} + +@Article{graf'95, + author = "M.\ Graf and E.\ Arimondo and E.\ S.\ Fry and D.\ E.\ Nikonov and G.\ G.\ Padmabandu and M.\ O.\ Scully and S.\ Y.\ Zhu", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ A", + volume = "51", + pages = " 4030--+", + year = "1995", +} + +@Article{ottinger'75, + author = "Ch.\ Ottinger and R.\ Scheps and G.\ W.\ York and A.\ Gallagher", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ A ", + volume = "11", + pages = " 1815 --+", + year = "1975", +} + +@Article{xu'98, + author = "J.\ H.\ Xu and G.\ Alzetta", + journal = " Phys.\ Lett.\ A ", + volume = "248", + pages = " 80--+", + year = "1998", +} + +@Article{gozzini'99, + author = "S.\ Gozzini and P.\ Sartini and C.\ Gabbanini and A.\ Lucchesini and C.\ Marinelli and L.\ Moi and J.\ H.\ Xu and G.\ Alzetta", + journal = " Eur.\ Phys.\ J.\ D ", + volume = "6", + pages = " 127 --+", + year = "1999", +} + +@Article{novikova'02apl, + author = "I.\ Novikova and A.\ B.\ Matsko and G.\ R.\ Welch", + journal = " Appl.\ Phys.\ Lett. ", + volume = "81", + pages = " 193 --+", + year = "2002", +} + +@Article{theobald'89, + author = "G.\ Th\'{e}obald and N.\ Dimarcq and V.\ Giordano and P.\ C\'{e}rez", + journal = "Opt.\ Comm. ", + volume = "71", + pages = " 256 --+", + year = "1989", +} + +@Article{schuh'93, + author = "B.\ Schuh and S.\ I.\ Kanorsky and A.\ Weis and T.\ W.\ Hansch", + journal = " Opt.\ Comm. ", + volume = "100", + pages = " 451 --+", + year = "1993", +} + +@Article{kanorsky'95, + author = "S.\ I.\ Kanorsky and A.\ Weis and J.\ Skalla", + journal = " Appl.\ Phys.\ B", + volume = "60", + pages = " S165 --+", + year = "1995", +} + +@Article{budker'98, + author = "D.\ Budker and V.\ Yashchuk and M.\ Zolotorev", + title = "Nonlinear Magneto-optic Effects with Ultranarrow Widths", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.", + volume = "81", + pages = "5788", + year = "1998", + abstract = { +Several dispersionlike features in the magnetic field dependence of the nonlinear magneto-optic effect were observed in an experiment performed on rubidium atoms contained in a vapor cell with antirelaxation coating. The narrowest feature has effective resonance width gamma = g? Delta Bz ~ 2 pi x 1.3 Hz, where Delta Bz ~ 2.8 ?G is the peak-to-peak separation. The observed nontrivial dependence of the magneto-optic effect on transverse magnetic fields is discussed. The results of this work may be applied to low-field magnetometry, to parity and time reversal invariance violation experiments, etc. +} +} + +@Article{budker'99ajp, + author = "D.\ Budker and D.\ J.\ Orlando and V.\ Yashchuk", + journal = " Am.\ J.\ Phys.", + volume = "67", + pages = " 584 --+", + year = "1999", +} + +@Article{robinson'58, + author = "H. G. Robinson and E. S. Ensberg and H. G. Dehmelt", + journal = "Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.", + volume = "3", + pages = " 9 --+", + year = "1958", +} + +@Article{alexandrov'02prl, + author = "E. B. Alexandrov and M. V. Balabas and D.\ Budker and D. S. English and D. F. Kimball and C. H. Li and V.\ Yashchuk", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett", + volume = "66", + pages = "042903 --+", + year = "2002", +} + +@Article{bouichiat'66, + author = "M. A. Bouchiat and J. Brossel", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.", + volume = "147", + pages = " 41 --+", + year = "1966", +} + + +@Article{zibrov'01ol, + author = "A.\ S.\ Zibrov and I.\ Novikova and A.\ B.\ Matsko", + journal = " Opt.\ Lett.", + volume = "26", + pages = " 1311 --+", + year = "2001", +} + +@Article{drake'88, + author = "K.\ H.\ Drake and W.\ Lange and J.\ Mlynek", + journal = " Opt.\ Comm.", + volume = "66", + pages = " 315 --+", + year = "1988", +} + +@Article{barkov'89, + author = "L.\ M.\ Barkov and D.\ A.\ Melik-Pashaev and M.\ S.\ Zolotorev", + journal = "Opt.\ Comm. ", + volume = "70", + pages = " 467 --+", + year = "1989", +} + +@Article{baird'89, + author = "P.\ E.\ G.\ Baird and M.\ Irie and T.\ D.\ Wolfenden", + journal = " J.\ Phys.\ B", + volume = "22", + pages = "1733 --+", + year = "1989", +} + +@Article{chen'90a, + author = "X.\ Chen and V.\ L.\ Telegdi and A.\ Weis", + journal = " Opt.\ Comm. ", + volume = "78", + pages = "337 --+", + year = "1990", +} + +@Article{sautenkov'00, + author = "V.\ A.\ Sautenkov and M.\ D.\ Lukin and C.\ J.\ Bednar and I.\ Novikova and E.\ Mikhailov and M.\ Fleischhauer and V.\ L.\ Velichansky and G.\ R.\ Welch and M.\ O.\ Scully", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ A ", + volume = "62", + pages = " 023810--+", + year = "2000", + abstract = { + We utilize the generation of large atomic coherence in optically dense media to enhance the resonant nonlinear magneto-optic effect by several orders of magnitude, thereby eliminating power broadening and improving the fundamental signal-to-noise ratio. A proof-of-principle experiment is carried out in a dense vapor of Rb atoms. Applications such as optical magnetometry, the search for Violations of parity and time-reversal symmetry, and nonlinear optics at low light levels are feasible. + } +} + +@Article{novikova'01ol, + author = "I.\ Novikova and A.\ B.\ Matsko and G.\ R.\ Welch", + title ="Large polarization rotation via atomic coherence", + journal = " Opt. Lett. ", + volume = "26", + pages = " 1016-1018", + month = "JUL", + year = "2001", + abstract = { + We report significant enhancement of the nonlinear Faraday rotation in optically thick Rb vapor. Polarization rotation angles as large as 10 rad were observed for what is believed to be the first time for sub-Gauss magnetic fields. The use of this effect for high-precision magnetometry is also discussed. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. + } +} + +@Article{affolderbach'99, + author = "C.\ Affolderbach and A. Nagel and S.\ Knappe and S. Jung and D. Wiedenmann and R.\ Wynands", + title = "Nonlinear spectroscopy with a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laseri (VCSEL)", + journal = "Applied Physics B", + year = "1999", + volume = "70", + number = "3", + pages = "407 -- 413", + month = "", + abstract = { + We have evaluated the suitability of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diode (VCSEL) for spectroscopic applications. Despite its low output power it is possible to observe narrow resonances in a saturated absorption spectroscopy experiment on the cesium D2 transition at 852 nm, limited in width by the laser linewidth of several tens of MHz. High modulation efficiency of the VCSEL allows us to create modulation sidebands at 9.2 GHz frequency via direct modulation of the laser injection current. Using the carrier and either one of the sidebands coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances in a buffered cesium vapor can be prepared with linewidths below 130 Hz. With this very compact setup we have studied the dependence of CPT resonance position and linewidth as a function of optical detuning and find evidence of the influence of the excited state hyperfine structure. + }, +} + +@Article{affolderbach'02, + author = "C.\ Affolderbach and S.\ Knappe and R.\ Wynands and A.\ V.\ Taichenachev and V.\ I.\ Yudin", + title = "Electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption in a standing wave", + journal = "Phys.\ Rev.\ A", + year = "2002", + volume = "65", + number = "4", + pages = "043810 -- +", + month = "APR" +} + +@Book{vanier_book, + author = "J.\ Vanier and C.\ Audoin", + editor = "", + title = "The Quantum Phisics of Atomic Frequency Standards", + PUBLISHER = "Adam Hilger; Philadelphia", + year = "1989", + volume = "1" +} + +@Book{landau_book_v2, + author = "L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz", + editor = "", + title = "The Classical Theory of Fields", + PUBLISHER = "Pergamon Press, Oxford", + year = "1975", + volume = "2" +} + +@Book{landau_book_v6, + author = "L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz", + editor = "", + title = "Electrodynamics of Continuous Media", + PUBLISHER = "Pergamon Press, Oxford", + year = "1975", + volume = "6" +} + +@Book{jackson_book, + author = "J. D. Jackson", + editor = "", + title = "Classical Electrodynamics", + PUBLISHER = "Wiley, New York", + year = "1975", + volume = "" +} + +@Book{bernheim_book, + author = "R.\ Bernheim", + editor = "", + title = "Optical Pumping", + PUBLISHER = "W.\ A.\ Benjamin, Inc., New York", + year = "1965" +} + +@Book{scullybook, + author = "M. O. Scully and M. S. Zubairy", + editor = "", + title = "Quantum Optics", + PUBLISHER = "Cambridge University Press", + ADDRESS = "Cambridge, UK", + year = "1997" +} + +@Book{pomerantsev_book, + author = "N. M. Pomerantsev and V.M. Rizhkov and G. V. Skrotskiy", + editor = "", + title = "Fizicheskie Osnovi Kvantovoy Optiki", + PUBLISHER = "Nauka, Moscow", + year = "1972", + volume = "" +} + +@book{Mukamel95_book, + title = {Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy}, + year = {1995}, + author = {Shaul Mukamel}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press} +} + +@book{Ahmanov_book, + title = {Vvedenie v Statisticheskuyu Radiofiziku i Optiku}, + year = {1981}, + author = {S.A.Ahmanov and Y.E.Dyakov and A.S.Chirkin}, + publisher = {Nauka, Moscow} +} + +@Book{Moruzzi_book, + author = "Giovanni Moruzzi and Franco Strumia", + editor = "", + title = "The Hanle Effect and Level-Crossing Spectroscopy", + PUBLISHER = "Plenum Press; New York and London", + year = "1991", + volume = "" +} + +@Book{Alexandrov_book, + author = "E.B. Alexandrov and M.P. Chaika and G.I. Khvostenko", + editor = "", + title = "Interference of Atomic States", + PUBLISHER = "Springer-Verlag; Berlin", + year = "1993", + volume = "" +} + +@Article{schmidt'96, + author = "O.\ Schmidt and R.\ Wynands and Z.\ Hussein and D.\ Meschede", + title = "Steep dispersion and group velocity below c/3000 in coherent population trapping", + journal = "Phys.\ Rev.\ A", + year = "1996", + volume = "53", + number = "1", + pages = "R27 -- R30", + month = "JAN" +} + +@Article{renzoni'00, + author = "F.\ Renzoni and E.\ Arimondo", + title = "Steep dispersion in coherent population trapping with losses", + journal = "Opt.\ Commun.", + year = "2000", + volume = "178", + number = "4-6", + pages = "345 -- 353", + month = "MAY" +} + +@Article{lazema'01optcom, + author = "A. Lipsich and S. Barreiru and P. Valente and A. Lezama", + title = "Inspection of a magneto-optical trap via electromagnetically induced absorption", + journal = "Opt.\ Commun.", + year = "2001", + volume = "190", + number = "1-6", + pages = "185 -- 191", + month = "APR", + abstract = { + Electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) was observed for the first time on a sample of 85Rb in a magneto-optical trap using low intensity cw copropagating pump and probe optical fields. Narrow resonances revealing the dependence of the ground-state Zeeman sublevels energy structure on the quadrupolar magnetic field and the trapping optical field intensity at different trap positions, were observed. Coherence resonances as narrow as 30 kHz were obtained under low trapping field intensities. The use of EIA spectroscopy for the magnetic field mapping of cold atomic samples is illustrated. + } +} + +@Article{marangos'98pra, + author = "H. X. Chen and A. V. Durrant and J. P. Marangos and J. A. Vaccaro", + title = "Observation of transient electromagnetically induced transparency in a rubidium Lambda system", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1998", + volume = "58", + number = "2", + pages = "1545 -- 1548", + month = "AUG", + abstract = { + Observation of transient effects in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in Rb85 cooled in a magneto-optical trap. The transmission of a weak probe beam in resonance with the 5S1/2(F=3) to 5P3/2(F=3) hyperfine transition increased transiently when a relatively strong coupling field in resonance with the 5S1/2(F=2) to 5P3/2(F=3) hyperfine transition was switched on rapidly using a Pockels cell. The probe transient showed an initial Rabi half-cycle overshoot before settling down to steady-state EIT. The results agreed well with computations using a three-state model of the Lambda system. The computations also suggest that transient gain should be observed with coupling field power only four times larger than that presently available to us. + } +} + +@Article{harris90prl, + author = "S. E. Harris and J. E. Field and A. Imamoglu ", + title = "Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1990", + volume = "64", + number = "10", + pages = "1107--1110", + month = "Mar", + abstract = { + We show that by applying a strong-coupling field between a metastable state and the upper state of an allowed transition to ground one may obtain a resonantly enhanced third-order susceptibility while at the same time inducing transparency of the media. An improvement in conversion efficiency and parametric gain, as compared to weak-coupling field behavior, of many orders of magnitude is predicted. +} +} + +@Article{harris'92, + author = "S.\ E.\ Harris and J.\ E.\ Field and A.\ Kasapi", + title = "DISPERSIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY", + journal = "Phys.\ Rev.\ A", + year = "1992", + volume = "46", + number = "1", + pages = "R29 -- R32", + month = "JUL", + abstract = { +An atomic transition that has been made transparent by applying an additional electromagnetic +field exhibits a rapidly varying refractive index with zero group velocity dispersion at line center. +A 10-cm-long Pb vapor cell at an atom density of 7 x 1015 atoms/cm3 and probed on its 283-nm +resonance transition has a calculated optical delay of 83 ns [(c/VG)=250]. + + +} +} + +@Article{akulshin'98, + author = "A.\ M.\ Akulshin and S.\ Barreiro and A.\ Lezama", + title = "Electromagnetically induced absorption and transparency due to + resonant two-field excitation of quasidegenerate levels in Rb vapor", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ A", + volume = "57", + pages = " 2996 --3002", + year = "1998", + month = "APR", + number = "4" +} + +@Article{akulshin'99prl, + author = "A.\ M.\ Akulshin and S.\ Barreiro and A.\ Lezama", + title = "Steep anomalous dispersion in coherently prepared Rb vapor", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + volume = "83", + pages = "4277-4280", + year = "1999", + month = "NOV", + number = "21" +} + +@Article{lazema'99, + author = " A.\ Lezama and S.\ Barreiro and A.\ M.\ Akulshin", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ A ", + volume = "59", + pages = " 4732 --+", + year = "1999", +} + +@Article{lipsich'00, + author = "A.\ Lipsich and S.\ Barreiro and A.\ M.\ Akulshin and A.\ Lezama", + journal = "Phys.\ Rev.\ A ", + volume = "61", + pages = " 053803 --+", + year = "2000", +} + +@Article{kwon'01, + author = "M.\ Kwon and K.\ Kim and H.\ S.\ Moon and H.\ D.\ Park and J.\ B.\ Kim", + journal = "J.\ Phys.\ B ", + volume = "34", + pages = " 2951 --+", + year = "2001", +} + +@Article{scully'92physrep, + author = "M. O. Scully", + title = "From lasers and masers to phaseonium and phasers", + journal = "Physics Reports", + volume = "219", + number = "3-6", + pages = " 191 -- 201", + year = "1992", + abstract = { +An ensemble of three-level atoms having a ground state doublet and a far removed excited state displays unusual behavior when the doublet is coherently prepared, e.g., cancellation of absorption and an enhanced index of refraction. Similar effects can be observed using a coherently prepared excited state doublet and a far removed ground state. Such a phase coherent atomic ensemble ("phaseonium" for short) is, in a real sense, a new state of matter and lasers and masers based on such a medium exhibit many unusual features such as lasing without population inversion and quenching of the Schawlow-Townes quantum noise. Such phaseonium based lasers and masers ("phasers" for short), also hold promise for sources of bright squeezed light. The potential application of these ideas to high precision magnetometry and particle acceleration are particularly interesting. + } +} + +@Article{kim'01, + author = " K.\ Kim and M.\ Kwon and H.\ D.\Park and H.\ S.\ Moon and H.\ S.\ Rawat and K.\ An and J.\ B.\ Kim", + journal = " J.\Phys.\ B ", + volume = "34", + pages = " 4801 --+", + year = "2001", +} + +@Article{ye'02, + author = "C.\ Y.\ Ye and Y.\ V.\ Rostovtsev and A.\ S.\ Zibrov and Y.\ M.\ Golubev", + journal = " Opt.\ Comm. ", + volume = "207", + pages = " 227 --+", + year = "2002", +} + +@Article{arimondo'01job, + author = "F.\ Renzoni and C.\ Zimmermann and P. Verkerk and E.\ Arimondo", + journal = " J.\ Opt.\ B ", + volume = "3", + pages = " S7 --+", + year = "2001", +} +@Article{arimondo'01pra, + author = " F.\ Renzoni and S.\ Cartaleva and G.\ Alzetta and E.\ Arimondo", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ A ", + volume = "63", + pages = " 065401--+", + year = "2001", +} + +@Article{andreeva'02, + author = "C.\ Andreeva and S.\ Cartaleva and Y.\ Dancheva and V.\ Biancalana and A.\ Burchianti and C.\ Marinelli and E.\ Mariotti and L.\ Moi and K.\ Nasyrov", + journal = "Phys.\ Rev.\ A ", + volume = "66", + pages = " 012502 --+", + year = "2002", +} + +@Article{taichenachev'00jetp, + author = "A.\ V.\ Taichenachev and A.\ M.\ Tumaikin and V.\ I.\ Yudin", + journal = " JETP Lett. ", + volume = "69", + pages = " 819 --+", + year = "1999", +} + +@Article{taichenachev'00pra, + author = " A.\ V.\ Taichenachev and A.\ M.\ Tumaikin and V.\ I.\ Yudin", + journal = " Phys.\ Rev.\ A ", + volume = "61", + pages = " 011802 --+", + year = "2000", + abstract={ +A simple theoretical model describing the positive sign of subnatural-width absorption resonances in the recent experiment of Akulshin and co-workers [Phys. Rev. A 57, 2996 (1998)] is proposed. An analytical expression for the linear response to the weak probe field is found in the low-saturation limit with respect to the control field. It is shown that the positive sign of subnatural resonance is caused by the spontaneous transfer of the light-induced coherence from the excited level to the ground one. +} +} + +@Article{alzetta'01, + author = "G.\ Alzetta and S.\ Cartaleva and Y.\ Dancheva and C.\ Andreeva and S.\ +Gozzini and L.\ Botti and A.\ Rossi", + title = "", + journal = "J.\ of Opt.\ B", + year = "2001", + volume = "3", + pages = "181 --+" +} + + + +@Article{budker2002rmp, + author = "D. Budker and W. Gawlik and D.F. Kimball and S.M. Rochester and V.V. Yashchuk and A. Weis", + title = "Resonant nonlinear magneto-optical effects in atoms", + journal = "Rev.\ Mod.\ Phys.", + year = "2002", + volume = "74", + number = "4", + pages = "1153--1201", + month = "OCT", + doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1153}, + abstract = { + The authors review the history, current status, physical mechanisms, experimental methods, and applications of nonlinear magneto-optical effects in atomic vapors. They begin by describing the pioneering work of Macaluso and Corbino over a century ago on linear magneto-optical effects (in which the properties of the medium do not depend on the light power) in the vicinity of atomic resonances. These effects are then contrasted with various nonlinear magneto-optical phenomena that have been studied both theoretically and experimentally since the late 1960s. In recent years, the field of nonlinear magneto-optics has experienced a revival of interest that has led to a number of developments, including the observation of ultranarrow (1-Hz) magneto-optical resonances, applications in sensitive magnetometry, nonlinear magneto-optical tomography, and the possibility of a search for parity- and time-reversal-invariance violation in atoms. + } +} + +@Article{knappe2001, + author = "S. Knappe and R. Wynands and J. Kitching and H. G. Robinson and L. Hollberg", + title = "Characterization of coherent population-trapping resonances as atomic frequency references", + pages = "1545--1553", + journal = "J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.", + year = "2001", + month = "NOV", + volume = "18", + number = "11", +} + +@Article{helm'01, + author = "M. Erhard and H. Helm", + title = "Buffer-gas effects on dark resonances: Theory and experiment - art. no. 043813", + pages = "043813--+", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2001", + month = "APR", + volume = "63", + number = "4", + source = "http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v63/e043813", + abstract = { + Dark resonances with widths below 30 Hz have been observed in a rubidium cell filled with neon as buffer gas at room temperature. We compare an approximate analytic solution of a Lambda system to our data and show that under our experimental conditions the presence of the buffer gas reduces the power broadening of the dark resonances by two orders of magnitude. We also present numerical calculations that take into account the thermal motion and velocity-changing collisions with the buffer-gas atoms. The resulting dark-resonance features exhibit strong Dicke-type narrowing effects and thereby explain the elimination of Doppler shifts and Doppler broadening, leading to observation of a single ultranarrow dark line. + }, +} + +@Article{helm'00, + author = "M. Erhard and S.\ Nu{\ss}mann and H. Helm", + title = "", + pages = "061802(R)--+", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2000", + volume = "62" +} + +@Article{sautenkov1999, + author = "Sautenkov, V. A. and Kash, M. M. and Velichansky, V. L. and Welch, G. R.", + title = "Density narrowing in electromagnetically induced transparency", + pages = "889--893", + journal = "Laser Phys.", + year = "1999", + month = "JUL-AUG", + volume = "9", + number = "4", +} + +@Article{vanier98, + author = "J. Vanier and A. Godone and F. Levi ", + title = "Coherent population trapping in cesium: Dark lines and coherent microwave emission", + pages = "2345--2358", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1998", + month = "SEP", + volume = "58", + number = "3", +} + +@Article{lukin97prl, + author = "M. D. Lukin and M. Fleischhauer and A. S. Zibrov and H. G. Robinson and V. L. Velichansky and L. Hollberg and M. O. Scully", + title = "Spectroscopy in dense coherent media: Line narrowing and interference effects", + pages = "2959--2962", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1997", + month = "OCT 20", + volume = "79", + number = "16", + abstract = { +Spectroscopic properties of coherently prepared, optically dense atomic media are studied experimentally and analyzed theoretically. It is shown that in such media the power broadening of the resonances can be substantially reduced. A density-dependent spectral narrowing of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window and novel, even narrower, resonances superimposed on the EIT line are observed in dense Rb vapor. A nonlinear two-photon spectroscopic technique based on coherent atomic media and combining high resolution with a large signal-to-noise ratio seems feasible. +} +} + +@Article{akulshin'91, + author = "A.\ M.\ Akulshin and A.\ A.\ Celikov and V.\ L.\ Velichansky", + title = "Subnatural absorption resonances on the D1 line of rubidium induced by coherent population trapping", + pages = "139--143", + journal = "Opt. Commun.", + year = "1991", + month = "JUL 15", + volume = "84", + number = "3-4", +} + +@Article{yudin'00jl, + author = "A. V. Taichenachev and A. M. Tumaikin and V. I. Yudin", + title = "Influence of atomic motion on the shape of two-photon resonance in gas", + pages = "119--122", + journal = "Jetp Lett.", + year = "2000", + volume = "72", + number = "3", +} + +@Article{zibrov99, + author = "A. S. Zibrov and Lukin, M. D. and Scully, M. O.", + title = "Nondegenerate parametric self-oscillation via multiwave mixing in coherent atomic media", + pages = "4049--4052", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1999", + month = "NOV 15", + volume = "83", + number = "20", +} + +@Article{budker99, + author = "Budker, D. and Kimball, D. F. and Rochester, S. M. and Yashchuk, V. V.", + title = "Nonlinear magneto-optics and reduced group velocity of light in atomic vapor with slow ground state relaxation", + pages = "1767--1770", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1999", + month = "AUG 30", + volume = "83", + number = "9", +} + +@Article{kash99, + author = "Kash, M. M. and Sautenkov, V. A. and Zibrov, A. S. and Hollberg, L. and Welch, G. R. and Lukin, M. D. and Rostovtsev, Y. and Fry, E. S. and Scully, M. O.", + title = "Ultraslow group velocity and enhanced nonlinear optical effects in a coherently driven hot atomic gas", + pages = "5229--5232", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1999", + month = "JUN 28", + volume = "82", + number = "26", +} + +@Article{hau99, + author = "Hau, L. V. and Harris, S. E. and Dutton, Z. and Behroozi, C. H.", + title = "Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas", + pages = "594--598", + journal = "Nature", + year = "1999", + month = "FEB 18", + volume = "397", + number = "6720", +} + +@Article{hau01nature, + author = "Chien Liu and Zachary Dutton and Cyrus H. Behroozi and Lene Vestergaard Hau", + title = "Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses", + pages = "490--493", + journal = "Nature", + year = "2001", + month = "JAN 25", + volume = "409", + number = "", +} + +@Article{zibrov02prl, + author = "A. S. Zibrov and A. B. Matsko and O. Kocharovskaya and Y. V. Rostovtsev and G. R. Welch and M. O. Scully", + title = "Transporting and Time Reversing Light via Atomic Coherence", + pages = "103601", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "2002", + month = "MAR", + volume = "88", + number = "10", + abstract = { +We study basic issues central to the storage of quantum information in a coherently prepared atomic medium such as the role of adiabaticity. We also propose and demonstrate transporting, multiplexing, and time reversing of stored light. + } +} + +@Article{lukin'97prl, + author = "Lukin, M. D. and Fleischhauer, M. and Zibrov, A. S. and Robinson, H. G. and Velichansky, V. L. and Hollberg, L. and Scully, M. O.", + title = "Spectroscopy in dense coherent media: Line narrowing and interference effects", + pages = "2959--2962", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1997", + month = "OCT 20", + volume = "79", + number = "16", +} + +@Article{jain96, + author = "Jain, M. and Xia, H. and Yin, G. Y. and Merriam, A. J. and Harris, S. E.", + title = "Efficient nonlinear frequency conversion with maximal atomic coherence", + pages = "4326--4329", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1996", + month = "NOV 18", + volume = "77", + number = "21", +} + +@Article{hemmer95, + author = "Hemmer, P. R. and Katz, D. P. and Donoghue, J. and Croningolomb, M. and Shahriar, M. S. and Kumar, P.", + title = "Efficient low-intensity optical-phase conjugation based on coherent population trapping in sodium", + pages = "982--984", + journal = "Opt. Lett.", + year = "1995", + month = "MAY 1", + volume = "20", + number = "9", +} + +@Article{hakuta91, + author = "Hakuta, K. and Marmet, L. and Stoicheff, B. P.", + title = "Electric-field-induced 2nd-harmonic generation with reduced absorption in atomic-hydrogen", + pages = "596--599", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1991", + month = "FEB 4", + volume = "66", + number = "5", +} + +@Article{brandt'97, + author = "Brandt, S. and Nagel, A. and Wynands, R. and Meschede, D.", + title = "Buffer-gas-induced linewidth reduction of coherent dark resonances to below 50 Hz", + pages = "R1063--R1066", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1997", + month = "AUG", + volume = "56", + number = "2", +} + +@Article{javan'02, + author = "A.\ Javan and O.\ Kocharovskaya and H.\ Lee and M.\ O.\ Scully", + title = "Narrowing of electromagnetically induced transparency resonance in a Doppler-broadened medium", + pages = "013805--+", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2002", + month = "JUL", + volume = "66", + number = "1", + source="http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.66.013805" +} + +@Article{lee'03, + author = "H.\ Lee and Y.\ Rostovtsev and C.\ J.\ Bednar and A.\ Javan", + title = "From laser induced line narrowing to electromagnetically induced transparency: closed system analysis", + journal = "Appl.\ Phys.\ B", + year = "2003", + volume = "76", + pages = "33--39", +} + + +@Article{taichen2003, + author = "A.\ V.\ Taichenachev and V.\ I.\ Yudin and R.\ Wynands and + M.\ St{\"a}hler and J.\ Kitching and L.\ Hollberg", + title = "Theory of dark resonances for alkali-metal vapors in a buffer-gas + cell", + pages = "033810", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2003", + month = "MAR", + volume = "67", + number = "3", + abstract={ +We develop an analytical theory of dark resonances that accounts for the full atomic-level structure, as well as all field-induced effects such as coherence preparation, optical pumping, ac Stark shifts, and power broadening. The analysis uses a model based on relaxation constants, which assumes the total collisional depolarization of the excited state. A good qualitative agreement with the experiments for Cs in Ne is obtained. +} +} + +@Article{taichenachev'02iqec, + author = "A.\ V.\ Taichenachev and V.\ I.\ Yudin and R.\ Wynands and J.\ Kitching and L.\ Hollberg", + title = "Theory of CPT resonance for alkaly atoms vapors in a buffer gas cell", + journal = "IQEC 2002, technical digest", + year = "2002", + pages = "334" +} + +@Article{knappe2003, + author = "S.\ Knappe and M.\ Stahler and C.\ Affolderbach and A.\ Taichenachev and V.\ Yudin and R.\ Wynands", + title = "Simple parametrization of dark-resonance line shape", + journal = "Appl.\ Phys.\ B", + year = "2003", + volume = "76", + pages = "57--63", +} + + +@Article{arimondo'96po, + author = "E. Arimondo", + title = "Coherent population trapping in laser spectroscopy", + pages = "259-354", + chapter = "5", + journal = "Progress in Optics", + editor = "E. Wolf", + publisher = "Elsevier, Amsterdam", + year = "1996", + month = "", + volume = "XXXV", + number = "" +} + +@Article{Kochar2001prl, + author = "Olga Kocharovskaya and Yuri Rostovtsev and Marlan O. Scully", + title = "Stopping Light via Hot Atoms", + pages = "628--631", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "2001", + month = "JAN 22", + volume = "86", + number = "4", + URL = "http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.628", +} + +@Article{mikhailov2002, + author = "Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Yuri Rostovtsev and George R. Welch", + title = "Experimental study of Stokes fields linewidth + in resonant four-wave mixing in Rb vapour", + pages = "2535--2542", + journal = "Journal of Modern Optics", + year = "2002", + month = "", + volume = "49", + number = "14/15", + URL = "", +} + +@Article{rostovtsev2002jmo, + author = "Yuri V. Rostovtsev and O. Kocharovskaya and M. O. Scully", + title = "Stop and go control of lightin hot atomic gases", + pages = "2637--2643", + journal = "Journal of Modern Optics", + year = "2002", + month = "", + volume = "49", + number = "14/15", + URL = "", +} + +@Article{wynands2003shapes, + author = "S. Knappe and M. St{\"a}hler and C. Affolderbach and A.\ V.\ Taichenachev and V.\ I.\ Yudin and R.\ Wynands", + title = "Simple parameterization of dark-resonance line shapes", + journal = "Applied Physics B", + year = "2003", + pages = "", +} + +@Article{wang2000nature, + author = "L. J. Wang and A. Kuzmich and A. Dogariu", + title = "Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation", + pages = "277--279", + journal = "Nature", + year = "2000", + month = "July", + volume = "406", + number = "", + tURL = "http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v406/n6793/abs/406277a0_fs.html", + abstract = { +Einstein's theory of special relativity and the principle of causality +imply that the speed of any moving object cannot exceed that of +light in a vacuum (c). Nevertheless, there exist various proposals for +observing faster-than- c propagation of light pulses, using anomalous +dispersion near an absorption line, nonlinear and linear gain lines, or +tunnelling barriers. However, in all previous experimental demonstrations, +the light pulses experienced either very large absorption or severe +reshaping, resulting in controversies over the interpretation. Here we use +gain-assisted linear anomalous dispersion to demonstrate superluminal light +propagation in atomic caesium gas. The group velocity of a laser pulse in +this region exceeds c and can even become negative, while the shape of the +pulse is preserved. We measure a group-velocity index of ng = -310(+-5); in +practice, this means that a light pulse propagating through the atomic +vapour cell appears at the exit side so much earlier than if it had +propagated the same distance in a vacuum that the peak of the pulse appears +to leave the cell before entering it. The observed superluminal light pulse +propagation is not at odds with causality, being a direct consequence of +classical interference between its different frequency components in an +anomalous dispersion region. + }, +} + +@Article{wang2001pra, + author = "A. Dogariu and A. Kuzmich and L. J. Wang", + title = "Transparent anomalous dispersion and superluminal light-pulse propagation at a negative group velocity", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2001", + month = "MAY", + volume = "63", + number = "5", + pages = "053806", + abstract = {}, +} + +@Article{kuzmich2001prl, + author = "A. Kuzmich and A. Dogariu and L. J. Wang and P. W. Milonni and R. Y. Chiao", + title = "Signal velocity, causality, and quantum noise in superluminal light pulse propagation", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "2001", + month = "APR", + volume = "86", + number = "18", + pages = "3925-3929", + abstract = {}, +} + +@Article{sautenkov99las, + author = "Sautenkov, V.A. and Kash, M.M. and Velichansky, V.L. and Welch, G.R.", + title = "Density narrowing in electromagnetically induced transparency", + pages = "889-893", + journal = "Laser Physics", + year = "1999", + month = "JUL--AUG", + volume = "9", + number = "4", + abstract = { +We measure the linewidth of electromagnetically induced transparency with varying atomic density and light intensity. Density narrowing and power broadening were observed in atomic rubidium vapor. Our results straddle regimes where comprehensive theoretical descriptions are available. + }, +} + +@Article{phillips01prl, + author = "D. F. Phillips and A. Fleischhauer and A. Mair and R. L. Walsworth and M. D. Lukin", + title = "Storage of Light in Atomic Vapor", + pages = "783--786", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "2001", + month = "JAN", + volume = "86", + number = "5", + abstract = { +We report an experiment in which a light pulse is effectively decelerated and trapped in a vapor of Rb atoms, stored for a controlled period of time, and then released on demand. We accomplish this "storage of light" by dynamically reducing the group velocity of the light pulse to zero, so that the coherent excitation of the light is reversibly mapped into a Zeeman (spin) coherence of the Rb vapor. + }, +} + +@Article{harris99prl, + author = "S.~E.~Harris and L.~V.~Hau", + title = "Nonlinear optics at low light levels", + pages = "4611", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1999", + volume = 82, + abstract = { + We show how the combination of electromagnetically induced transparency based nonlinear optics and cold atom technology, under conditions of ultraslow light propagation, allows nonlinear processes at energies of a few photons per atomic cross section. + } +} + +@Article{akulshin03pra, + author = "A. M. Akulshin and A. Cimmino and A. I. Sidorov and P. Hannaford and G. I. Opat", + title = "Light propagation in an atomic medium with steep and sign-reversible dispersion", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + volume = "67", + number = "1", + pages = "011801(R)", + year = "2003", + abstract = { +We show that ground-state Zeeman coherence prepared by two-photon Raman transitions in alkali atoms results in steep controllable and sign-reversible dispersion. Pulse propagation with small negative as well as positive group velocity of light (-c/5100 and c/41 000) in a Cs vapor cell is reported. Energy exchange between copropagating light components through long-lived Zeeman coherence with enhanced absorption or transmission has been observed. + } +} + +@Article{akulshin03joptb, + author = "A. M. Akulshin and A. Cimmino and A. I. Sidorov and R. McLean and P. Hannaford", + title = "Highly nonlinear atomic medium with steep and sign-reversible dispersion", + journal = "J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt.", + volume = "5", + number = "4", + pages = "S479-S485", + year = "2003", + abstract = {} +} + +@Article{godone02pra, + author = "Aldo Godone and Filippo Levi and Salvatore Micalizio", + title = "Slow light and superluminality in the coherent population trapping maser", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + volume = "66", + number = "4", + pages = "043804", + year = "2002", + abstract = { +The propagation of a band-limited light pulse through an atomic medium under a Lambda excitation scheme is theoretically analyzed in this paper. We consider in particular the case where the light pulse is detected through the coherent microwave emission of the atomic ensemble (coherent population trapping maser). Significant differences are predicted with respect to the more usual optical detection (electromagnetically induced transparency signal) and found in agreement with the experimental results. Higher signal delays were observed in the microwave emission than in the optical signal with an equivalent group velocity of 6 m/s as well as highly superluminal propagation under a proper modulation scheme. The experiments were performed with a thermal 87Rb vapor in buffer gas. + } +} + +@Article{happer72, + author = "W. Happer", + title = "", + journal = "Rev. Mod. Phys.", + volume = "44", + number = "", + pages = "169--249", + year = "1972", +} + +@Article{armstrong66, + author = "J. A. Armstrong", + title ="", + journal = "J. Opt. Soc. Am. ", + volume = "56", + pages = " 1024", + month = "", + year = "1966", +} + +@Article{neelen92, + author = "R. Centeno Neelen and D. M. Boersma and M. P. van Exter, G. Nienhuis and J. P. Woerdman", + title ="Spectral Filtering within the Schawlow-Townes Linewidth of a Semiconductor Laser", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + volume = "69", + number = "4", + pages = "593 ", + month = "JUL", + year = "1992", +} + +@Article{bahoura01, + author = "Messaoud Bahoura and Andre Clairon", + title ="Diode-laser noise conversion in an optically dense atomic sample", + journal = "Opt. Lett.", + volume = "26", + number = "12", + pages = "926 ", + month = "JUN", + year = "2001", +} + +@proceedings{zibrov_pros, + author = "H.G. Robinson and V.V. Vasiliev and V.L. Velichanskiy and L. Hollberg and A.S. Zibrov", + title ="Diode Laser Noise Conversion and Reduction in Rubidium", + organization="14th International Conference on Atomic Physics", + volume = "1A-7", + year = "1994", +} + +@Article{nusseinzveig02, + author = "C.L. Garrido Alzar and L.S. Cruz and J.G. Aguirre Gomez and M. Franca Santos and P. Nussenzveig", + title = "Super-Poissonian intensity fluctuations and correlations between pump and probe fields in Electromagnetically Induced Transparency", + journal = "Europhysics. Lett.", + volume = "61", + number = "4", + pages = "485-491 ", + month = "FEB", + year = "2003", +} + + +@Article{mikhailov04josab, + author = "E. E. Mikhailov and V. A. Sautenkov and Y. V. Rostovtsev and G. R. Welch", + title = "Absorption resonance and large negative delay in Rb vapor with buffer gas", + journal = "JOSA B", + volume = "21", + number = "2", + pages = "425-428", + month = "FEB", + year = "2004", + abstract = { + We observe a narrow, isolated, two-photon absorption resonance in 87Rb for large one-photon detuning in the presence of a buffer gas. In the absence of a buffer gas, a standard Lambda configuration of two laser frequencies gives rise to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) for all values of one-photon detuning throughout the inhomogeneously (Doppler) broadened line. However, when a buffer gas is added and the one-photon detuning is comparable to or greater than the Doppler width, an absorption resonance appears instead of the usual EIT resonance. We also observe a large negative group delay (almost equal to -300 s for a Gaussian pulse that propagates through the media with respect to a reference pulse not affected by the media), corresponding to a superluminal group velocity vg = -c/(3.6 10 6) = -84 m/s. + } +} + +@Article{mikhailov'03prep, + author = "E.\ E.\ Mikhailov and V.\ A.\ Sautenkov and Y.\ V.\ +Rostovtsev and G.\ R.\ Welch", + title = "Absorption resonance and large negative delay in Rb vapor +with buffer gas", +journal = "LANL e-Print archive", + year = "2003", + pages = "", + source = "http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0309151", + URL = "http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0309151", + abstract = { + We observe a narrow, isolated, two-photon absorption resonance in Rb for large one-photon detuning in the presence of a buffer gas. In the absence of buffer gas, a standard Lambda configuration of two laser frequencies gives rise to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) for all values of one-photon detuning throughout the inhomogeneously (Doppler) broadened line. However, when a buffer gas is added and the one-photon detuning is comparable to or greater than the Doppler width, an absorption resonance appears instead of the usual EIT resonance. We also observe large negative group delay (~ -300 us for a Gaussian pulse propagating through the media with respect to a reference pulse not affected by the media), corresponding to a superluminal group velocity v_g= -c/(3.6x10^6)=-84 m/s. + } +} + +@Article{mikhailov04pra, + author = "Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Irina Novikova and Yuri V. Rostovtsev and George R. Welch", + title = "Buffer-gas induced absorption resonances in Rb vapor", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2004", + pages = "033806", + volume = "70", + month = "SEP", + source = "http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v70/e033806", + abstract = { + We observe transformation of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance into an absorption resonance in a Lambda interaction configuration in a cell filled with 87Rb and a buffer gas. This transformation occurs as one-photon detuning of the coupling fields is varied from the atomic transition. No such absorption resonance is found in the absence of a buffer gas. The width of the absorption resonance is several times smaller than the width of the EIT resonance, and the changes of absorption near these resonances are about the same. Similar absorption resonances are detected in the Hanle configuration in a buffered cell. + } +} + +@Article{mikhailov03praprep, + author = "Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Irina Novikova and Yuri V. Rostovtsev and George R. Welch", + title = "Buffer-gas induced absorption resonances in Rb vapor", + journal = "LANL e-Print archive", + year = "2003", + pages = "", + source = "http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0309171", + URL = "http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0309171", + abstract = { + We observe the transformation of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance to absorption in a Lambda configuration in a cell filled by Rb and buffer gas. This transformation occurs as the one-photon detuning of the coupling field is varied from resonance. No such absorption resonance is found in the absence of buffer gas. The width of the absorption resonance is several times smaller than the width of the EIT resonance, and its amplitude is about the same. Similar absorption resonances are detected in Hanle configuration in a buffered cell, although the reasons for these effects are quite different. + } +} + +@Article{mikhailov04praprep, + author = "Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Vladimir A. Sautenkov and Irina Novikova and George R. Welch", + title = "Large negative and positive delay of optical pulses in coherently prepared dense Rb vapor with buffer gas", + journal = "LANL e-Print archive", + year = "2004", + pages = "", + source = "http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0402120", + URL = "http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0402120", + abstract = { + We experimentally study the group time delay for a light pulse propagating through hot Rb vapor in the presence of a strong coupling field in a $\Lambda$ configuration. We demonstrate that the ultra-slow pulse propagation is transformed into superluminal propagation as the one-photon detuning of the light increases due to the change in the transmission resonance lineshape. Negative group velocity as low as -c/10^6=-80 m/s is recorded. We also find that the advance time in the regime of the superluminal propagation grows linearly with increasing laser field power. + } +} + +@phdthesis{lukin98thesis, + author="Mikhail Lukin", + title="Quantum coherence and interference in optics and laser spectroscopy", + school= "Texas A\&M University ", + address="College Station", + year=1998 +} + +@Article{fleischhauer94pra, + author = "Michael Fleischhauer and Marlan O. Scully", + title = "Quantum sensitivity limits of an optical magnetometer based on atomic phase coherence", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + volume = "49", + number = "3", + pages = "1973-1986", + month = "MAR", + year = "1994", + abstract = { +An optical magnetometer based on atomic coherence effects is analyzed using a quantum Langevin approach. The large dispersion of a phase-coherent atomic medium (``phaseonium'') at a point of vanishing absorption is used to detect magnetic level shifts via optical phase measurements in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with sensitivities potentially superior to state-of-the-art devices. Effects of Doppler broadening and fluctuations of the driving field are discussed and a comparison to standard optical-pumping magnetometers is made. +} +} + +@Article{scully92prl, + author = "Marlan O. Scully and Michael Fleischhauer", + title = "Quantum sensitivity limits of an optical magnetometer based on atomic phase coherence", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + volume = "69", + number = "9", + pages = "1360-1363", + month = "AUG", + year = "1992", + abstract = { +The large dispersion of a phase-coherent medium, at a point of vanishing absorption, is applied to interferometric measurements of detuning between atomic and radiation frequencies. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the interferometer quantum-limited operation is determined by vacuum-fluctuation shot noise while the noise introduced by the interaction of the probe field with the phase-coherent atoms can be made negligible. As a possible application, an optical magnetometer is analyzed whose sensitivity is shown to be potentially superior to the present state-of-the-art devices. +} +} + +@Article{stahler01eurlett, + author = "M. Stahler and S. Knappe and C. Affolderbach and W. Kemp and R. Wynands", + title = "Picotesla magnetometry with coherent dark states", + journal = "Europhysics Lett.", + volume = "54", + number = "3", + pages = "323-328", + month = "MAY", + year = "2001", + abstract = { +We investigate the experimental sensitivity limit of a scalar optical magnetometer based on coherent population trapping on the D-2 line of a thermal cesium vapor. We find the expected strong dependence on averaging time, with a detection limit below 4 pT for integration times longer than 1 s, limited by slow drifts of the cell temperature and of the applied test magnetic-field itself. A detailed noise analysis shows that for shorter averaging times the demonstrated limit of about 12 pT/root Hz is dominated by the frequency noise of the laser source. The magnetometer can be operated for real-time detection in flux densities up to at least milliteslas and is robust enough for application outside the laser laboratory. +} +} + +@Article{nagel98eurlett, + author = "A. Nagel and L. Graf and A. Naumov and E. Mariotti and V. Biancalana D. Meschede and R. Wynands and ", + title = "Selection rules and line strengths of Zeeman-split dark resonances", + journal = "Europhysics Lett.", + volume = "44", + number = "1", + pages = "31-36", + month = "OCT", + year = "1998", + abstract = { +Coherent population trapping resonances in cesium vapor can be used to determine DC flux densities in the range from 1 mu T to 1 mT with typically 3.10(-5) relative uncertainty. For fields modulated at a few kHz, we find sensitivities of below 10 pT within 0.5 s integration time. From the signal-to-noise ratio the sensitivity can be extrapolated to 500 fT/root Hz.. A quantitative understanding of the lineshape allows to detect DC fields of several nT even when the Zeeman components of the resonance are not resolved. +} +} + +@Article{matsko01prl, + author = "A. B. Matsko and Y. V. Rostovtsev and M. Fleischhauer and M. O. Scully", + title = "Anomalous Stimulated Brillouin Scattering via Ultraslow Light", + pages = "2006-2009", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "2001", + month = "MAR", + volume = "86", + number = "10", + abstract = { +We study stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in an ultradispersive coherent medium, and show that the properties of SBS change drastically when the group velocity of light in the material approaches or becomes less than the speed of sound. In particular, forward SBS not allowed in a dispersionless bulk medium takes place in the coherent medium. + } +} + +@Article{ye02pra, + author = "C.Y.Ye and A.S.Zibrov", + title = "Width of the electromagnetically induced transparency resonance in atomic vapor", + pages = "023806", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2002", + month = "FEB", + volume = "65", + abstract = { +The width of the electromagnetically induced transparency resonance is studied in rubidium vapor. Nonlinear dependence of the width on drive intensity that is caused by Doppler broadening and optical pumping is found. Density-matrix analysis supports the observed dependence. The discrepancies between experimental data and theoretical prediction are discussed. + } +} + +@Article{zibrov02pra, + author = "A.S.Zibrov and M.D.Lukin and L.Hollberg and M.O.Scully", + title = "Efficient frequency up-conversion in resonant coherent media", + pages = "051801", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2002", + month = "MAY", + volume = "65", + abstract = { +We demonstrate an efficient frequency up-conversion based on generation of large atomic coherence in a cascade system. Two infrared, low power laser fields tuned to the vicinity of the two-photon transition in Rb vapor were converted spontaneously into infrared and blue radiation. Extension of the technique into other spectral regions using highly excited states seems feasible. + } +} + + +@Article{fleischhauer'02, + author = "M. T. Johnsson and M. Fleischhauer", + title = "", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + volume = "66", + number = "", + pages = "043808", + year = "2002", +} + +@Article{wynands'02, + author = "C. Affolderbach and M. Stahler and S. Knappe and R. Wynands", + title = "", + journal = "Appl. Phys. B", + volume = "75", + number = "", + pages = "605--612", + year = "2002", +} + +@Article{budker'00, + author = "D. Budker and D. F. Kimball and S. M. Rochester and V. V. Yashchuk and M. Zolotorev", + title = "", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + volume = "62", + number = "", + pages = "043403", + year = "2000", +} + +@Article{hollberg'02, + author = "J. Kitching and S. Knappe and L. Hollberg", + title = "", + journal = "Appl. Phys. Lett.", + volume = "81", + number = "", + pages = "553--555", + year = "2002", +} + +@Article{merimaa'03, + author = "M. Merimaa and T. Lindvall and I. Tittonen and E. Ikonen", + title = "", + journal = "J. Opt. Soc. Am. B", + volume = "20", + number = "", + pages = "273--279", + year = "2003", +} + +@Article{townes55pr, + author = "S. H. Autler and C. H. Townes", + title = "Stark Effect in Rapidly Varying Fields", + journal = "Phys. Rev.", + volume = "100", + number = "2", + pages = "703--722", + month = "OCT", + year = "1955", + abstract = { +A method is developed for calculating the effects of a strong oscillating field on two states of a quantum-mechanical system which are connected by a matrix element of the field. Explicit approximate solutions are obtained for a variety of special cases, and the results of numerical computations are given for others. The effect of an rf field on the J=2-->1 l-type doublet microwave absorption lines of OCS has been studied in particular both experimentally and theoretically. Each line was observed to split into two components when the frequency of the rf field was near 12.78 Mc or 38.28 Mc, which are the frequencies separating the J=1 and J=2 pairs of levels, respectively. By measuring the rf frequency, nu 0, at which the microwave lines are split into two equally intense components, one may determine the separation between the energy levels. The measured value of nu 0 depends upon the intensity of the rf field and the form of this dependence has been calculated and found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. +} +} + +@Article{kim97jkps, + author = "H.A. Kim and K.A. Kwon and J.B.Kim", + title = "Effects of laser linewidth, Rabi frequency and detunings on electromagnetically induced", + pages = "407--412", + journal = "Journal of the Korean Physical Society", + year = "1997", + volume = "30", + number = "2", + abstract = { +We report the effects of laser linewidth, Rabi frequency and detuning on electromagnetically induced transparency in Doppler broadened rubidium atoms. With a weak probe laser and a strong coupling laser arranged in a Doppler-cancellation configuration, Doppler-free absorption reduction was observed. By narrowing linewidths of the two lasers, the absorption reduction increased up to 78\% and the spectral linewidth of the transmitted probe beam approached a Rb natural linewidth. Laser linewidth effects on the obtained transmission were compared with a theoretical analysis based on a three-level atomic model. Also, we report on a new structure obtained when the coupling beam is slightly detuned. + } +} + +@Article{zubairy94pra, + author = "S. Sultana and M.S.Zubairy", + title = "EFFECT OF FINITE BANDWIDTH ON REFRACTIVE-INDEX ENHANCEMENT AND LASING WITHOUT INVERSION", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + volume = "49", + number = "1", + pages = "438--448", + month = "JAN", + year = "1994", + abstract = { +We have studied the effect of finite bandwidth of the driving field on the enhancement of refractive index and lasing without inversion in a three-level atomic system in which partial coherence is introduced either in upper-level or lower-level doublet via a strong microwave driving field having finite bandwidth. We find that both phenomena are adversely affected by the phase fluctuations in the driving field. Further, there is a range of driving field detuning for which the refractive index is considerably enhanced with vanishing absorption. +} +} + +@Article{rostovtsev2002dopler_jmo, + author = "Yuri Rostovtsev and I. Protsenko and H. Lee and A. Javan", + title = "From laser-induced line narrowing to electromagnetically induced transparency in a Doppler-broadened system", + pages = "2501--2516", + journal = "Journal of Modern Optics", + year = "2002", + month = "", + volume = "49", + number = "14/15", + URL = "", + abstract = { +The laser-induced line narrowing effect in Doppler broadened systems was discovered thirty years ago. We have revisited this effect to determine its role for dense gases where recent experimental studies have found many intriguing atomic coherence effects. Using the density matrix approach, we study the width of electromagnetically induced transparency under different regimes of broadening. +} +} + +@Article{rostovtsev2003dopler_apb, + author = "H.Lee and Yuri Rostovtsev and C.J.Bednar and A. Javan", + title = "From laser-induced line narrowing to electromagnetically induced transparency: closed system analysis", + pages = "33--39", + journal = "Appl. Phys. B", + year = "2003", + month = "", + volume = "76", + number = "", + URL = "", + abstract = { +} +} + + +@ARTICLE{AlzettaGMO76, + author = {Alzetta, G. and Gozzini, A. and Moi, L. and Orriols, + G.}, + title = {Experimental-method for observation of rf transitions + and laser beat resonances in oriented na vapor}, + journal = {Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Gen. Phys. Relativ. + Astron. Math. Phys. Methods}, + year = {1976}, + volume = {36}, + pages = {5-20} +} + +@ARTICLE{Hanle24, + author = {W. Hanle}, + title = {}, + journal = { Z. Phys.}, + year = {1924}, + volume = {30}, + pages = {93} +} + +@ARTICLE{Zibrov95prl, + author = {A. S. Zibrov and M. D. Lukin and D. E. Nikonov and L. Hollberg and M. O. Scully and V. L. Velichansky and H. G. Robinson}, + title = {Experimental Demonstration of Laser Oscillation without Population Inversion via Quantum Interference in Rb}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett}, + year = {1995}, + volume = {75}, + pages = {1499}, + abstract = { +Laser oscillation without population inversion is demonstrated experimentally in a V-type atomic configuration within the D1 andD2 lines of Rb vapor. It is shown that the effect is due to the atomic interference. The experimental results, as first predicted by careful theoretical analysis, are in a good agreement with detailed calculations. +} +} + +@ARTICLE{Zibrov95las_pys, + author = {A. S. Zibrov and M. D. Lukin and D. E. Nikonov and L. Hollberg and M. O. Scully and V. L. Velichansky}, + title = {}, + journal = {Laser Physics}, + year = {1995}, + volume = {5}, + pages = {563}, + abstract = { +LWI +} +} + +@ARTICLE{Zibrov96prl, + author = {A. S. Zibrov and M. D. Lukin and L. Hollberg and D. E. Nikonov and M. O. Scully and H. G. Robinson and V. L. Velichansky}, + title = {Experimental Demonstration of Enhanced Index of Refraction via Quantum Coherence in Rb}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {76}, + number = {21}, + pages = {3935-3938}, + abstract = { +We present a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating a resonant enhancement of the index of refraction accompanied by vanishing absorption in a cell containing a coherently prepared Rb vapor. The results are in good agreement with detailed theoretical predictions. +} +} + +@Article{Fleischhauer92pra, + author = "M. Fleischhauer and U. Rathe and M. O. Scully", + title = "Phase-noise squeezing in electromagnetically induced transparency", + pages = "5856--5859", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1992", + month = "", + volume = "46", + number = "9", + abstract = { +Light transmitted through a resonant atomic system with electromagnetically induced transparency displays reduced phase-noise fluctuations. For the case of the medium being inside a cavity, a 50\% squeezing of the out-of-phase component is possible outside the cavity. +} +} + +@Article{Rathe96pra, + author = "U. Rathe and M. Fleischhauer and M. O. Scully", + title = "Broadband phase-noise squeezing of traveling waves in electromagnetically induced transparency", + pages = "3961--3694", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1996", + month = "", + volume = "54", + number = "4", + abstract = { +We show that driven Lambda -type atoms in a cell under conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency squeeze the phase noise of a traveling-wave input field in a broad spectral region. The maximum squeezing is about 41\% below the shot-noise level. +} +} + +@Article{Chickarmane96pra, + author = "Vijay Chickarmane and S. V. Dhurandhar", + title = "Performance of a dual recycled interferometer with squeezed light", + pages = "786--793", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1996", + month = "", + volume = "54", + number = "1", + abstract = { +We consider a dual recycled interferometer for detecting gravitational waves. Squeezed light is injected into the interferometer through the output port. We analyze the sensitivity of the detector for two cases of interest, namely, the broadband and the narrow-band modes of operation. The improvement in sensitivity due to the squeezed light is investigated in such a setup. +} +} + +@ARTICLE{NovikovaMW02, + author = {Novikova, I. and Matsko, A. B. and Welch, G. R.}, + title = {Large polarization self-rotation in rubidium vapour: + application for squeezing of electromagnetic vacuum}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {2565-2581}, + doi = {10.1080/0950034021000011293}, +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoNWBKR02, + title = {Vacuum squeezing in atomic media via self-rotation}, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Novikova, I. and Welch, G. R. and Budker, D. and Kimball, D. F. and Rochester, S. M.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {66}, + number = {4}, + pages = {043815}, + numpages = {10}, + year = {2002}, + month = {Oct}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.66.043815}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@ARTICLE{NovikovaW02, + author = {Novikova, I. and Welch, G. R.}, + title = {Magnetometry in dense coherent media}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {349-358} +} + + +@ARTICLE{ScullyZG89, + author = {Scully, M. O. and Zhu, S. Y. and Gavrielides, A.}, + title = {Degenerate quantum-beat laser - lasing without + inversion and inversion without lasing}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1989}, + volume = {62}, + pages = {2813-2816} +} + +@ARTICLE{Scully91, + author = {Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Enhancement of the index of refraction via quantum + coherence}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1991}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {1855-1858} +} + +@ARTICLE{Kocharovskaya92, + author = {Kocharovskaya, O.}, + title = {Amplification and lasing without inversion}, + journal = {Phys. Rep.-Rev. Sec. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {1992}, + volume = {219}, + pages = {175-190} +} + +@ARTICLE{KocharovskayaK88, + author = {Kocharovskaya, O. A. and Khanin, Y. I.}, + title = {Coherent amplification of an ultrashort pulse in a + 3-level medium without a population-inversion}, + journal = {Jetp Lett.}, + year = {1988}, + volume = {48}, + pages = {630-634} +} + +@ARTICLE{ScullyF92, + author = {M. O. Scully and M. Fleischhauer}, + title = {High-sensitivity magnetometer based on index-enhanced + media}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1992}, + volume = {69}, + pages = {1360-1363} +} + + + +@ARTICLE{ZaheerZ89, + author = {Zaheer, K. and Zubairy, M. S.}, + title = {Phase sensitivity in atom-field interaction via + coherent superposition}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1989}, + volume = {39}, + pages = {2000-2004}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{AgarwalN86, + author = {Agarwal, G. S. and Nayak, N.}, + title = {Saturation of optical susceptibilities in strongly + amplitudemodulated fields}, + journal = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, + year = {1986}, + volume = {19}, + pages = {3385-3400}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{RadmoreK84, + author = {Radmore, P. M. and Knight, P. L.}, + title = {2-photon ionization - interference and population + trapping}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {1984}, + volume = {102}, + pages = {180-185}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{DaltonK82, + author = {Dalton, B. J. and Knight, P. L.}, + title = {Population trapping and ultranarrow raman lineshapes + induced by phase-fluctuating fields}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1982}, + volume = {42}, + pages = {411-416}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{RadmoreK82, + author = {Radmore, P. M. and Knight, P. L.}, + title = {Population trapping and dispersion in a 3-level + system}, + journal = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, + year = {1982}, + volume = {15}, + pages = {561-573}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{AlzettaMO79, + author = {Alzetta, G. and Moi, L. and Orriols, G.}, + title = {Non-absorption hyperfine resonances in a sodium vapor + irradiated by a multimode dye-laser}, + journal = {Nouvo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis. B-Gen. Phys. Relativ. + Astron. Math. Phys. Methods}, + year = {1979}, + volume = {52}, + pages = {209-218}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{StettlerBWE79, + author = {Stettler, J. D. and Bowden, C. M. and Witriol, N. M. + and Eberly, J. H.}, + title = {Population trapping during laser-induced + molecular-excitation and dissociation}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {1979}, + volume = {73}, + pages = {171-174}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{GrayWS78, + author = {Gray, H. R. and Whitley, R. M. and Stroud, C. R.}, + title = {Coherent trapping of atomic populations}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1978}, + volume = {3}, + pages = {218-220}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{WhitleyS76, + author = {Whitley, R. M. and Stroud, C. R.}, + title = {Double optical resonance}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1976}, + volume = {14}, + pages = {1498-1513}, + abstract = {} +} + + +@ARTICLE{FieldHH91, + author = {Field, J. E. and Hahn, K. H. and Harris, S. E.}, + title = {Observation of electromagnetically induced + transparency in collisionally broadened lead vapor}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1991}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {3062-3065}, + abstract = {We report the observation of electromagnetically + induced transparency on the collisionally broadened resonance line + of Pb vapor. By applying a 1064-nm laser beam, the transmission at + 283 nm is increased by at least a factor of exp(10), with nearly + all of the Pb atoms remaining in the ground state.} +} + +@ARTICLE{BollerIH91, + author = {Boller, K. J. and Imamoglu, A. and Harris, S. E.}, + title = {Observation of electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1991}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {2593-2596}, + abstract = {We report the first demonstration of a technique by + which an optically thick medium may be rendered transparent. The + transparency results from a destructive interference of two dressed + states which are created by applying a temporally smooth coupling + laser between a bound state of an atom and the upper state of the + transition which is to be made transparent. The transmittance of an + autoionizing (ultraviolet) transition in Sr is changed from exp + (-20) without a coupling laser present to exp (-1) in the presence + of a coupling laser.} +} + +@ARTICLE{HahnKH90, + author = {Hahn, K. H. and King, D. A. and Harris, S. E.}, + title = {Nonlinear generation of 104.8-nm radiation within an + absorption window in zinc}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1990}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {2777-2779}, + abstract = {} +} + + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerKNSZZ92, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Keitel, C. H. and Narducci, L. M. + and Scully, M. O. and Zhu, S. Y. and Zubairy, M. S.}, + title = {Lasing without inversion - interference of radiatively + broadened resonances in dressed atomic systems}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1992}, + volume = {94}, + pages = {599-608}, + abstract = {We analyze the conditions under which the dressed + states of a driven three-level system show quantum interference + effects, of the type investigated by Harris and Imamoglu, which may + lead to cancellation of absorption and to lasing without + inversion.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ImamogluFH91, + author = {Imamoglu, A. and Field, J. E. and Harris, S. E.}, + title = {Lasers without inversion - a closed lifetime broadened + system}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1991}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {1154-1156}, + abstract = {We show a model laser system which operates by an + electromagnetically induced interference. Provided that an + inversion condition for the thermal radiation field is satisfied, + the system lases without atomic population inversion in steady + state. The system is pumped by incoherent radiation on the + transition on which lasing occurs. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ImamogluH89, + author = {Imamoglu, A. and Harris, S. E.}, + title = {Lasers without inversion - interference of dressed + lifetimebroadened states}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1989}, + volume = {14}, + pages = {1344-1346}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{LyrasTLZ89, + author = {Lyras, A. and Tang, X. and Lambropoulos, P. and Zhang, + J.}, + title = {Radiation amplification through auto-ionizing + resonances without population-inversion}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1989}, + volume = {40}, + pages = {4131-4134}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{HarrisM89, + author = {Harris, S. E. and MacKlin, J. J.}, + title = {Lasers without inversion - single-atom + transient-response}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1989}, + volume = {40}, + pages = {4135-4137}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{Imamoglu89, + author = {Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Interference of radiatively broadened resonances}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1989}, + volume = {40}, + pages = {2835-2838}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{Harris89, + author = {Harris, S. E.}, + title = {Lasers without inversion - interference of + lifetime-broadened resonances}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1989}, + volume = {62}, + pages = {1033-1036}, + abstract = {} +} + + +@ARTICLE{PadmabanduWSFNLS96, + author = {Padmabandu, G. G. and Welch, G. R. and Shubin, I. N. + and Fry, E. S. and Nikonov, D. E. and Lukin, M. D. and Scully, M. + O.}, + title = {Laser oscillation without population inversion in a + sodium atomic beam}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {76}, + pages = {2053-2056}, + abstract = {Continuous wave (cw) amplification and laser + oscillation without population inversion have been observed for the + first time in a Lambda scheme within the sodium D-1 line. This is + also the first demonstration in which the lasing medium was an + atomic beam; this is an approach which, in addition to elucidating + the physics, lays a foundation for extensions into the ultraviolet. + Calculations using realistic atomic structure were critical to the + choice of experimental approach. Observations agree with full + density-matrix calculations and clearly show there was no + population inversion. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZibrovLNHSV95, + author = {Zibrov, A. S. and Lukin, M. D. and Nikonov, D. E. and + Hollberg, L. W. and Scully, M. O. and Velichansky, V. L.}, + title = {Experimental demonstration of continuous-wave + amplification without inversion via quantum interference in rb}, + journal = {Laser Phys.}, + year = {1995}, + volume = {5}, + pages = {553-555}, + abstract = {Continuous wave amplification without inversion is + demonstrated experimentally in a V-type configuration within D-1 + and D-2 lines of Rb vapor. It is shown that the effect is due to + the atomic interference. The experimental results are in good + agreement with theoretical predictions. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FryLNPSSTWWZ93, + author = {Fry, E. S. and Li, X. F. and Nikonov, D. and + Padmabandu, G. G. and Scully, M. O. and Smith, A. V. and Tittel, F. + K. and Wang, C. and Wilkinson, S. R. and Zhu, S. Y.}, + title = {Atomic coherence effects within the sodium d1 line - + lasing without inversion via population trapping}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1993}, + volume = {70}, + pages = {3235-3238}, + abstract = {Atomic coherence effects within the sodium D1 line are + shown to lead to the suppression of optical pumping, to the + switching of light on and off when the coherence effects are turned + on and off, and especially to lasing without inversion. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{NottelmannPL93, + author = {Nottelmann, A. and Peters, C. and Lange, W.}, + title = {Inversionless amplification of picosecond pulses due + to zeeman coherence}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1993}, + volume = {70}, + pages = {1783-1786}, + abstract = {We extend the basic idea of inversionless + amplification to a picosecond test pulse in the absence of initial + optical coherences. The crucial role of population trapping by + lower level Zeeman coherence in atomic samarium vapor (J = 1 <-> J' + = 0) is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically in a time + separated preparation-test setup. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KocharovskayaMS95, + author = {Kocharovskaya, O. and Mandel, P. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Atomic coherence via modified spontaneous relaxation + of driven 3-level atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1995}, + volume = {74}, + pages = {2451-2454}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{RatheFZHS93, + author = {Rathe, U. and Fleischhauer, M. and Zhu, S. Y. and + Hansch, T. W. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Nonlinear-theory of index enhancement via quantum + coherence and interference}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1993}, + volume = {47}, + pages = {4994-5002}, + abstract = {We study the nonlinear behavior of the electric + susceptibility for several systems showing a high index of + refraction without absorption due to quantum coherence and + interference. Estimates of cw intensity limits for a given index of + refraction are obtained. We calculate critical field intensities + for selffocusing and investigate the stability of the absorption + cancellation with regard to intensity fluctuations. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerKSSUZ92, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Keitel, C. H. and Scully, M. O. + and Su, C. and Ulrich, B. T. and Zhu, S. Y.}, + title = {Resonantly enhanced refractive-index without + absorption via atomic coherence}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1992}, + volume = {46}, + pages = {1468-1487}, + abstract = {An enhancement of the index of refraction accompanied + by vanishing absorption is shown to be possible in an ensemble of + phase-coherent atoms ("phaseonium"). A survey of various possible + schemes in which coherence is established by certain coherent or + incoherent methods is given, and the main results are compared and + contrasted. In particular, the influence of processes such as + Doppler broadening that degrade coherence is discussed. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerKSS92, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Keitel, C. H. and Scully, M. O. + and Su, C.}, + title = {Lasing without inversion and enhancement of the index + of refraction via interference of incoherent pump processes}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1992}, + volume = {87}, + pages = {109-114}, + abstract = {For the LAMBDA quantum beat laser we investigate the + generation of coherence between the two lower levels via incoherent + pumping of these two levels to a fourth auxiliary level. It will be + shown that this way of establishing coherence also leads to lasing + without inversion and to an enhancement of the index of refraction + at a point of vanishing absorption.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ScullyZ92, + author = {Scully, M. O. and Zhu, S. Y.}, + title = {Ultra-large index of refraction via quantum + interference}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1992}, + volume = {87}, + pages = {134-138}, + abstract = {Atoms prepared in a coherent superposition of an + excited state doublet by a strong driving field can produce a large + resonant index of refraction with vanishing absorption. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Levi2000epjd, + author = {F. Levi and A. Godone and J. Vanier ans S. Micalizio and G. Modugno}, + title = {Line-shape of dark line and maser emission profile in CPT}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {12}, + pages = {53-59}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Failache2003pra, + author = {H. Failache and P. Valente and G. Ban and V. Lorent and A. Lezama}, + title = {Inhibition of electromagnetically induced absorption due to excited-state decoherence in Rb vapor}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {043810}, + abstract = { +The explanation presented by Taichenachev et al. [Phys. Rev. A 61, 011802 (2000)] according to which the electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) resonances observed in degenerate two-level systems are due to coherence transfer from the excited to the ground state is experimentally tested in a Hanle-type experiment observing the parametric resonance on the D1 line of 87Rb. While EIA occurs in the F=1-->F'=2 transition in a cell containing only Rb vapor, collisions with a buffer gas (30 torr of Ne) cause the sign reversal of this resonance as a consequence of collisional decoherence of the excited state. A theoretical model in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results is presented. + } +} + +@Article{failache'02prep, + author = "H.\ Failache and P.\ Valente and G.\ Ban and V.\ Lorent and A.\ Lezama", + title = "Inhibition of electromagnetically induced absorption due to excited state decoherence in Rb vapor", + journal = "LANL e-Print archive", + year = "2002", + pages = "", + source = "http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211065", + URL = "http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211065" +} + + +@Article{xiao95, + author = "Y.\ Li and M.\ Xiao", + title = "", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1995", + volume= "51", + pages = "4959" +} + +@Article{rapol03, + author = "U.\ D.\ Rapol and A.\ Wasan and V.\ Natarajan", + title = "", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2003", + volume= "67", + pages = "053802" +} + +@Article{bloembergen'85, + author = "N.\ Bloembergen and Y.\ H.\ Zou and L.\ J.\ Rothberg", + title = "Collision-Induced Hanle Resonances of Kilohertz Width in +Phase-Conjugate Four-Wave Light Mixing ", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "1985", + volume= "54", + pages = "186--188" +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoKRWZS01, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Rostovtsev, Y. + and Welch, G. R. and Zibrov, A. S. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Slow, ultraslow, stored, and frozen light}, + journal = {Advan Atom Mol Opt Phys}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {46}, + pages = {191-242}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{agarwal'91aamop, + author = {G.\ S.\ Agarwal}, + title = {Collision-induced coherences in optical physics}, + journal = {Advan Atom Mol Opt Phys}, + year = {1991}, + volume = {29}, + pages = {113--176}, + abstract = {} +} + +@Book{chiao_book, + author = "R.\ Y.\ Chiao", + editor = "R.\ Y.\ Chiao", + title = "Amazing Light", + PUBLISHER = "Springer, New York", + year = "1996", + pages="91--108" +} + +@ARTICLE{TurukhinSSMHH02, + author = {Turukhin, A. V. and Sudarshanam, V. S. and Shahriar, + M. S. and Musser, J. A. and Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R.}, + title = {Observation of ultraslow and stored light pulses in a + solid}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {023602}, + abstract = {We report ultraslow group velocities of light in an + optically dense crystal of Pr doped Y2SiO5. Light speeds as slow as + 45 m/s were observed, corresponding to a group delay of 66 mus. + Deceleration and "stopping" or trapping of the light pulse was also + observed. These reductions of the group velocity are accomplished + by using a sharp spectral feature in absorption and dispersion that + is produced by resonance Raman excitation of a ground-state spin + coherence. + } +} + + +@ARTICLE{Vanier03, + author = {J.\ Vanier and M.\ W.\ Levine and D.\ Janssen and M.\ +J.\ Delaney}, + title = {On the Use of Intensity Optical Pumping and Coherent +Population Trapping Techniques in the Implementation of Atomic +Frequency Standards}, + journal = {IEEE Trans.\ Instrum.\ Meas.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {52}, + pages = {822--831}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{phillips03, + author = {A.\ Mair and J.\ Hager and D.\ F.\ Phillips and R.\ L.\ +Walsworth and M.\ D.\ Lukin}, + title = {Phase coherence and control of stored photonic information}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {031802}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{Bigelow03prl, + author = {M. S. Bigelow and N. N. Lepeshkin and R. W. Boyd}, + title = {Observation of ultraslow light propagation in a ruby crystal at room temperature}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {90}, + pages = {113903}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{Bigelow03sci, + author = {M.S. Bigelow and N.N. Lepeshkin and R.W. Boyd}, + title = {Superluminal and slow light propagation in a room-temperature solid}, + journal = {Science}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {301}, + number = "5630", + pages = {200-202}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{stenner2003nat, + author = {M.D. Stenner and D.J. Gauthier and M.A. Neifeld}, + title = {The speed of information in a 'fast-light' optical medium}, + journal = {Nature}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {425}, + number = "6959", + pages = {695-698}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{kim2003pra, + author = {K. Kim and H. S. Moon and C. H. Lee and S. K. Kim and J. B. Kim}, + title = {Observation of arbitrary group velocities of light from superluminal to subluminal on a single atomic transition line}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {68}, + number = "1", + pages = {013810}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{payne2001pra, + author = {M.\ G.\ Payne and L.\ Deng}, + journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {64}, + pages = {031802}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{deng2002pra, + author = {L.\ Deng and E. W.\ Hagley and M.\ Kozuma and M.\ G.\ Payne}, + journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {051805}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{deng2002prl, + author = {L.\ Deng and M.\ Kozuma and E. W.\ Hagley and M.\ G.\ Payne}, + journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {143902}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{kien2000canj, + author = {Fam Le Kien and K. Hakuta}, + journal = {Can.\ J.\ Phys.}, + volume = {78}, + pages = {543}, + year = {2000}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{liang2002pra, + author = {J.\ Q.\ Liang and M.\ Katsuragawa and Fam Le Kien and K.\ Hakuta}, + journal = {Phys.\ Rev.\ A}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {031801}, + year = {2002}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{kien2003ieee, + author = {Fam Le Kien and Jia Qi Liang and Kohzo Hakuta}, + journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {93}, + year = {2003}, + abstract = {} +} + +@Article{rost'02, + author = "Y. Rostovtsev and I. Protsenko and H. Lee and A. Javan", + title = "From laser-induced line narrowing to electromagnetically induced transparency in a Doppler-broadened system", + journal = "J. Mod. Opt.", + volume = "49", + number = "", + pages = "2501--2517", + year = "2002", +} + +@Article{kuznetsova'02, + author = "E. Kuznetsova and O. Kocharovskaya and P. Hemmer +and M. O. Scully", + title = "", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + volume = "66", + number = "", + pages = "063802", + year = "2002", + +} + +@Article{lounis92, + author = "B. Lounis and C. Cohen-Tannoudji", + title = "Coherent population trapping and Fano profiles", + journal = "J. Phys. II", + volume = "2", + number = "", + pages = "579-592", + year = "1992", + +} + + +@Article{gorodetsky99josab, + author = "M. L. Gorodetsky and V. S. Ilchenko", + title = "Optical microsphere resonators: optimal coupling to high- Q whispering-gallery modes", + journal = "JOSA B", + volume = "16", + number = "1", + pages = "147-154", + month = "JAN", + year = "1999", + abstract = { + } +} + +@Article{knight97optl, + author = "J. C. Knight and G. Cheung and F. Jacques and T. A. Birks", + title = "Phase-matched excitation of whispering-gallery-mode + resonances by a fibertaper", + journal = "Opt. Lett.", + volume = "22", + number = "15", + pages = "1129-1131", + month = "AUG", + year = "1997", + abstract = { + } +} + +@Article{savchenkov2004pra, + author = "Anatoliy A. Savchenkov and Vladimir S. Ilchenko and Andrey B. Matsko and Lute Maleki", + title = "Kilohertz optical resonances in dielectric crystal cavities", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2004", + volume = "70", + number = "", + pages = "051804", + month = "", + abstract = { + } +} + +@Article{kimble2002prd, + author = "H. J. Kimble and Yuri Levin and Andrey B. Matsko and Kip S. Thorne and Sergey P. Vyatchanin", + title = "Conversion of conventional gravitational-wave interferometers into quantum nondemolition interferometers by modifying their input and/or output optics", + journal = "Phys. Rev. D", + year = "2002", + volume = "65", + number = "", + pages = "022002", + month = "", + abstract = { + } +} + +@Article{caves1981prd, + author = "C. M. Caves", + title = "Quantum-mechanical noise in an interferometer", + journal = "Phys. Rev. D", + year = "1981", + volume = "23", + number = "8", + pages = "1693", + month = "APR", + abstract = { + The interferometers now being developed to detect gravitational + waves work by measuring the relative positions of widely + separated masses. Two fundamental sources of + quantum-mechanical noise determine the sensitivity of such + an interferometer: (i) fluctuations in number of output + photons (photon-counting error) and (ii) fluctuations in + radiation pressure on the masses (radiation-pressure error). + Because of the low power of available continuous-wave + lasers, the sensitivity of currently planned interferometers + will be limited by photon-counting error. This paper + presents an analysis of the two types of quantum-mechanical + noise, and it proposes a new techniquethe "squeezed-state" + techniquethat allows one to decrease the photon-counting + error while increasing the radiation-pressure error, or vice + versa. The key requirement of the squeezed-state technique + is that the state of the light entering the interferometer's + normally unused input port must be not the vacuum, as in a + standard interferometer, but rather a "squeezed state"a + state whose uncertainties in the two quadrature phases are + unequal. Squeezed states can be generated by a variety of + nonlinear optical processes, including degenerate parametric + amplification. + } +} + +@Article{junye2000pra, + author = "Jun Ye and John L. Hall", + title = "Cavity ringdown heterodyne spectroscopy: High sensitivity with microwatt light power", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2000", + volume = "61", + number = "6", + pages = "061802", + month = "JUN", + abstract = { + We present an ac heterodyne technique in cavity ringdown spectroscopy that permits 1 x 10-10 absorption sensitivity with microwatt-level light power. Two cavity modes, one probing the empty cavity and the other probing intracavity absorption, are excited simultaneously but with their intensities temporally out of phase, with one mode decaying and the other rising. Heterodyne detection between the two modes reveals the dynamic time constants associated with the empty cavity and the additional intracavity gas absorption. The method offers a quick comparison between the on- and off-resonance information, a prerequisite to reaching the fundamental shot-noise limit. This simple and yet important improvement of cavity ringdown spectroscopy should lead to the enhanced performance of a wide range of applications. + } +} + +@Article{sauer2004pra, + author = "J. A. Sauer and K. M. Fortier and M. S. Chang and C. D. Hamley and M. S. Chapman", + title = "Cavity QED with optically transported atoms", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2004", + volume = "69", + number = "5", + pages = "051804", + month = "MAY", + abstract = { + Ultracold 87Rb atoms are delivered into a high-finesse optical microcavity using a translating optical lattice trap and detected via the cavity field. The atoms are loaded into an optical lattice from a magneto-optic trap and transported 1.5 cm into the cavity. Our cavity satisfies the strong-coupling requirements for a single intracavity atom, thus permitting real-time observation of single atoms transported into the cavity. This transport scheme enables us to vary the number of intracavity atoms from 1 to > 100 corresponding to a maximum atomic cooperativity parameter of 5400, the highest value ever achieved in an atom-cavity system. When many atoms are loaded into the cavity, optical bistability is directly measured in real-time cavity transmission. + } +} + +@Article{akamatsu2004prl, + author = "D.~Akamatsu and K.~Akiba and M.~Kozuma", + title = "Electromagnetically Induced Transparency with Squeezed Vacuum", + journal = "Phys. Rev. Lett.", + year = "2004", + volume = "92", + number = "20", + pages = "203602", + month = "MAY", + abstract = { + The squeezed vacuum resonant on the 87Rb D1 line (probe light) was + injected into an optically dense rubidium gas cell with a + coherent light (control light). The output probe light + maintained its quadrature squeezing within the transparency + window caused by the electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). The results reported here are the first + realization of EIT in the full quantum regime. + } +} + +@Article{collett1984pra, + author = "M.~J.~Collett and C.~W.~Gardiner", + title = "Squeezing of intracavity and traveling-wave light fields produced in parametric amplification", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1984", + month = "SEP", + volume = "30", + number = "3", + pages = "1386-1391", + abstract = { + A general input-output theory for quantum dissipative systems is + developed in which it is possible to relate output to + input via the internal dynamics of a system. This is + applied to the problem of computing the squeezing produced + by a degenerate parametric amplifier located inside a + cavity. The results for the internal modes are identical + with those of Milburn and Walls [Opt. Commun. 39, 401 + (1981)]. The output field is also found to have only 50% + of maximal squeezing. However, by taking the output for a + degenerate parametric amplifier inside a single-ended + cavity and feeding this into an empty single-ended cavity, + one can produce a maximally squeezed state inside this second + cavity. + }, +} + +@Article{kramers1926nature, + author = "H.A.~Kramers", + title = "", + journal = "Nature", + year = "1926", + month = "", + volume = "117", + number = "", + pages = "775", + abstract = { + }, +} + +@Article{kronig1926josa, + author = "R. de L. Kronig", + title = "", + journal = "J. Opt. Soc. Am.", + year = "1926", + month = "", + volume = "12", + number = "", + pages = "547", + abstract = { + }, +} + + +@Article{taichenachev2003pra, + author = "A.~V.~Taichenachev and V.~I.~Yudin and R.~Wynands and M.~Stahler and J.~Kitching and L.~Hollberg", + title = "", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2003", + month = "", + volume = "67", + number = "", + pages = "033810", + abstract = { + }, +} + +@Article{corbitt2004prd, + author = "T. Corbitt and N. Mavalvala and S. Whitcomb", + title = "Optical cavities as amplitude filters for squeezed fields", + journal = "Phys. Rev. D", + year = "2004", + month = "", + volume = "70", + number = "", + pages = "022002", + abstract = { + }, +} + +@Article{lukin1998ol, + author = "M. Lukin and M. Fleischhauer and M. Scully and V. L. Velichansky", + title = "Intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency", + journal = "Opt. Lett.", + year = "1998", + month = "", + volume = "23", + number = "4", + pages = "295-297", + abstract = { + }, +} + +@Article{harms2004prd, + author = "J.~Harms and R.~Schnabel and K.~Danzmann", + title = "", + journal = "Phys.~Rev.~D", + year = "2004", + month = "", + volume = "70", + pages = "102001", + abstract = { }, +} + +@Article{peng2005pra, + author = "A. Peng and M Johnsson and W. P. Bowen and P. K. Lam and H.-A. Bachor and J. J. Hope", + title = "", + journal = "Phys.~Rev.~A", + year = "2005", + month = "", + volume = "71", + pages = "033809", + abstract = { }, +} + +@Article{muller97pra, + author = {G. M\"{u}ller and M. M\"{u}ller and A. Wicht and R.-H. Rinkleff and K. Danzmann}, + title = "Optical resonator with steep internal dispersion", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "1997", + volume = "56", + number = "3", + pages = "2385 -- 2389", + month = "SEP", + abstract = { + We present an optical resonator with modified properties due to a nonabsorbing highly dispersive medium. The steep nonabsorbing dispersion is created with an additional pump field in an atomic beam using the effect of coherent population trapping. The linewidth of such a resonator depends on the slope of the dispersion line, which in turn depends on the atomic density and the intensity of pump and probe field. In the experiments presented here, the cavity linewidth is reduced by a factor of more than 50 relative to the linewidth of the empty resonator. We have studied the influence of the relative intensities of pump and probe field on the line profile. Due to the dispersion of the medium, the resonance frequency is nearly independent of the geometrical length of the resonator. + } +} + +@Article{Braje2003pra, + author = {Danielle A. Braje and Vlatko Balic and G. Y. Yin and S. E. Harris}, + title = "Low-light-level nonlinear optics with slow light", + journal = "Phys. Rev. A", + year = "2003", + volume = "68", + number = {4}, + pages = "041801", + numpages = {4}, + month = "OCT", + abstract = { +Electromagnetically induced transparency in an optically thick, cold medium creates a unique system where pulse-propagation velocities may be orders of magnitude less than c and optical nonlinearities become exceedingly large. As a result, nonlinear processes may be efficient at low-light levels. Using an atomic system with three, independent channels, we demonstrate a quantum interference switch where a laser pulse with an energy per area of ~23 photons per lambda2/(2pi) causes a 1/e absorption of a second pulse. + }, + URL = "http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v68/e041801", +} + +@Article{mikhailov05prlprep, + author = "Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and + Keisuke Goda and Thomas Corbitt and Nergis Mavalvala + ", + title = "Frequency-Dependent Squeeze Amplitude Attenuation and Squeeze + Angle Rotation by Electromagnetically Induced Transparency for + Gravitational Wave Interferometers", + journal = "LANL e-Print archive", + year = "2005", + pages = "", + source = "http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0508102", + URL = "http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0508102", + abstract = { + We study the effects of frequency-dependent squeeze amplitude + attenuation and squeeze angle rotation by + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on + gravitational wave (GW) interferometers. We propose the + use of low-pass, band-pass, and high-pass EIT filters, an + S-shaped EIT filter, and an intra-cavity EIT filter to + generate frequency-dependent squeezing for injection into + the antisymmetric port of GW interferometers. We find that + the EIT filters have several advantages over the previous + filter designs with regard to optical losses, compactness, + and the tunability of the filter linewidth. + } +} + +@article{mikhailov2005pra_eit_rot, + title = {Frequency-dependent squeeze-amplitude attenuation and + squeeze-angle rotation by electromagnetically induced + transparency for gravitational-wave + interferometers}, + month = {May}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.73.053810}, + author = {Mikhailov, Eugeniy E. and Goda, Keisuke and + Corbitt, Thomas and Mavalvala, Nergis}, + year = {2006}, + issue = {5}, + url = + {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.73.053810}, + numpages = {5}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + pages = {053810}, + volume = {73} +} + +@article{goda2005pra, + author = {Keisuke Goda and Kirk McKenzie and Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and + Ping Koy Lam and David E. McClelland and Nergis Mavalvala}, + collaboration = {}, + title = {Photothermal fluctuations as a fundamental limit to + low-frequency squeezing in a degenerate optical parametric + oscillator}, + publisher = {APS}, + year = {2005}, + journal = {\pra}, + volume = {72}, + number = {4}, + eid = {043819}, + pages = {043819}, + keywords = {photothermal effects; optical squeezing; optical + parametric amplifiers; light interferometers; gravitational + wave detectors; optical noise}, + link = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v72/e043819} +} + + +@article{mikhailovPRA06noninvasive, + author = {Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Keisuke Goda and Nergis Mavalvala}, + collaboration = {}, + title = {Noninvasive measurements of cavity parameters by use of + squeezed vacuum}, + publisher = {APS}, + year = {2006}, + journal = {Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics)}, + volume = {74}, + number = {3}, + eid = {033817}, + numpages = {6}, + pages = {033817}, + keywords = {optical squeezing; quantum noise; optical resonators; + nonlinear optics}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v74/e033817}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.74.033817} +} + + +@article{mckenzie_quantum_2005, + title = {Quantum noise locking}, + volume = {7}, + issn = {1464-4266}, + abstract = {Quantum optical states which have no coherent amplitude, such as squeezed vacuum states, cannot rely on standard readout techniques to generate error signals for control of the quadrature phase. Here we investigate the use of asymmetry in the quadrature variances to obtain a phase-sensitive readout and to lock the phase of a squeezed vacuum state, a technique which we call noise locking (NL). We carry out a theoretical derivation of the NL error signal and the associated stability of the squeezed and anti-squeezed lock points. Experimental data for the NL technique both in the presence and absence of coherent fields are shown, including a comparison with coherent locking techniques. Finally, we use NL to enable a stable readout of the squeezed vacuum state on a homodyne detector.}, + journal = {Journal of Optics B}, + author = {Kirk McKenzie and Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Keisuke Goda and Ping Koy Lam and Nicolai Grosse and Malcolm B. Gray and Nergis Mavalvala and David E. McClelland}, + year = {2005}, + pages = {S421-S428} +} + +@article{matsko_vacuum_2002, + title = {Vacuum squeezing in atomic media via self-rotation}, + volume = {66}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v66/e043815}, + journal = {Physical Review A}, + author = {A. B. Matsko and I. Novikova and G. R. Welch and D. Budker and D. F. Kimball and S. M. Rochester}, + month = oct, + year = {2002}, + pages = {043815}, + numpages = {10}, + month = {Oct}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.66.043815}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, +} + + +@article{ries_experimental_2003, + title = {Experimental vacuum squeezing in rubidium vapor via self-rotation}, + volume = {68}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v68/e025801}, + journal = {Physical Review A}, + author = {J. Ries and B. Brezger and A. I. Lvovsky}, + year = {2003}, + pages = {025801} +} + +@article{hsu_effect_2006, + title = {Effect of atomic noise on optical squeezing via polarization self-rotation in a thermal vapor cell}, + volume = {73}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v73/e023806}, + journal = {Physical Review A (Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics)}, + author = {M. T. L. Hsu and G. Hetet and A. Peng and C. C. Harb and H.-A. Bachor and M. T. Johnsson and J. J. Hope and P. K. Lam and A. Dantan and J. Cviklinski and A. Bramati and M. Pinard}, + month = feb, + year = {2006}, + keywords = {optical noise,optical squeezing,quantum noise}, + pages = {023806-9}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.73.023806}, +} + +@article{novikova_large_sr_squeezing_2002, + title = {Large polarization self-rotation in rubidium vapour: application for squeezing of electromagnetic vacuum}, + url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content\~content=a713825919\~db=all}, + author = {I. Novikova and A. B. Matsko and G. R. Welch}, + volume = {49}, + number={14}, + journal = {Journal of Modern Optics}, + year = {2002}, + pages = {2565-2581}, + doi = {10.1080/0950034021000011293}, + keywords = {Fibre Optics,Optical Communications,Optics \& Optoelectronics,Optics, Optoelectronic Effects, Devices \& Systems,Optoelectronics,squeezing}, +} + +@article{hetet_squeezed_at_D1_Rb_2007, + title = {Squeezed light for bandwidth-limited atom optics experiments at the rubidium D1 line}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {0953-4075}, + abstract = {We report on the generation of more than 5 dB of vacuum squeezed light at the rubidium D1 line (795 nm) using periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) in an optical parametric oscillator. We demonstrate squeezing at low sideband frequencies, making this source of non-classical light compatible with bandwidth-limited atom optics experiments. When PPKTP is operated as a parametric amplifier, we show a noise reduction of 4 dB stably locked within the 150 kHz-500 kHz frequency range. This matches the bandwidth of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in rubidium hot vapour cells under the condition of large information delay.}, + journal = {Journal of Physics B}, + author = {G. H{\'e}tet and O. Gl{\"o}ckl and K. A. Pilypas and C. C. Harb and B. C. Buchler and H.-A. Bachor and P. K. Lam}, + year = {2007}, + pages = {221-226} +} + + +@article{vahlbruch_observation_2008, + title = {Observation of Squeezed Light with 10-dB Quantum-Noise Reduction}, + volume = {100}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v100/e033602}, + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, + author = {Henning Vahlbruch and Moritz Mehmet and Simon Chelkowski and Boris Hage and Alexander Franzen and Nico Lastzka and Stefan Gossler and Karsten Danzmann and Roman Schnabel}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {033602-4} +} +@article{vahlbruch_observation_2007_arxiv, + title = {Observation of squeezed light with 10dB quantum noise reduction}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.1431}, + journal = {0706.1431}, + author = {Henning Vahlbruch and Moritz Mehmet and Nico Lastzka and Boris Hage and Simon Chelkowski and Alexander Franzen and Stefan Gossler and Karsten Danzmann and Roman Schnabel}, + month = jun, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{honda_sq_storage_in_Rb_2007, + title = {Storage and Retrieval of a Squeezed Vacuum}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.1785}, + journal = {arXiv:0709.1785}, + author = {Kazuhito Honda and Daisuke Akamatsu and Manabu Arikawa and Yoshihiko Yokoi and Keiichirou Akiba and Satoshi Nagatsuka and Takahito Tanimura and Akira Furusawa and Mikio Kozuma}, + month = sep, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{furusawa08_prl_sq_eit, + author = {Kazuhito Honda and Daisuke Akamatsu and Manabu Arikawa + and Yoshihiko Yokoi and Keiichirou Akiba and Satoshi + Nagatsuka and Takahito Tanimura and Akira Furusawa + and Mikio Kozuma}, + collaboration = {}, + title = {Storage and Retrieval of a Squeezed Vacuum}, + publisher = {APS}, + year = {2008}, + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, + volume = {100}, + number = {9}, + eid = {093601}, + numpages = {4}, + pages = {093601}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v100/e093601}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.093601} +} + + + +@article{appel_sq_quantum_memory_Rb_2007, + title = {Quantum memory for squeezed light}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.2258}, + journal = {arXiv:0709.2258}, + author = {Juergen Appel and Eden Figueroa and Dmitry Korystov and + A. I. Lvovsky}, + month = sep, + year = {2007} +} + +@article{lvovsky08prl_sq_eit, + author = {J\"{u}rgen Appel and Eden Figueroa and Dmitry Korystov + and M. Lobino and A. I. Lvovsky}, + collaboration = {}, + title = {Quantum Memory for Squeezed Light}, + year = {2008}, + month = {Mar}, + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + volume = {100}, + number = {9}, + eid = {093602}, + numpages = {4}, + pages = {093602}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v100/e093602}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.093602} +} + + +@article{lvovsky09njp_squeeziong_eit, + author={Eden Figueroa and Mirko Lobino and Dmitry Korystov and Jurgen + Appel and A. I. Lvovsky}, + title={Propagation of squeezed vacuum under electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal={New Journal of Physics}, + volume={11}, + number={1}, + pages={013044}, + url={http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/11/013044}, + year={2009}, + abstract={We analyze the transmission of continuous-wave and pulsed squeezed vacuum through rubidium vapor under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency. Our analysis is based on a full theoretical treatment for a squeezed state of light propagating through temporal and spectral filters and detected using time and frequency-domain homodyne tomography. A model based on a three-level atom allows us to evaluate the linear losses and extra noise that degrade the nonclassical properties of the squeezed vacuum during the atomic interaction and eventually predict the quantum states of the transmitted light with a high precision.} +} + +@article{chelkowski_10Hz_squeezing_2007, + title = {Coherent control of broadband vacuum squeezing}, + volume = {75}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v75/e043814}, + journal = {Physical Review A}, + author = {Simon Chelkowski and Henning Vahlbruch and Karsten Danzmann and Roman Schnabel}, + month = apr, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {homodyne detection,optical control,optical parametric oscillators}, + pages = {043814-9} +} + +@article{novikova_ac-stark_2000, + title = {Ac-Stark shifts in the nonlinear Faraday effect}, + volume = { 25}, + url = {http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-25-22-1651}, + abstract = {The frequency of the dark resonance in coherent population trapping experiments has been measured as a function of the degree of ellipticity and the intensity of the probe light. The results have been used to find the quantum limit of sensitivity of an optical magnetometer based on the nonlinear Faraday effect.}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + author = {I. Novikova and A. B. Matsko and V. A. Sautenkov and V. L. Velichansky and G. R. Welch and M. O. Scully}, + year = {2000}, + pages = { 1651-1653} +} + +@article{rochester_self-rotation_2001, + title = {Self-rotation of resonant elliptically polarized light in collision-free rubidium vapor}, + author = {Rochester, S. M. and Hsiung, D. S. and Budker, D. and Chiao, R. Y. and Kimball, D. F. and Yashchuk, V. V.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {63}, + number = {4}, + pages = {043814}, + numpages = {10}, + year = {2001}, + month = {Mar}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.63.043814}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v63/e043814}, +} + +@article{akamatsu_ultraslow_2007, + title = {Ultraslow Propagation of Squeezed Vacuum Pulses with Electromagnetically Induced Transparency}, + volume = {99}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v99/e153602}, + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, + author = {Daisuke Akamatsu and Yoshihiko Yokoi and Manabu Arikawa and Satoshi Nagatsuka and Takahito Tanimura and Akira Furusawa and Mikio Kozuma}, + month = oct, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {EIT,quantum noise,Quantum Physics,squeezing}, + pages = {153602-4} +} + +@article{chaneliere_storage_2005, + title = {Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitted between remote quantum memories}, + volume = {438}, + issn = {0028-0836}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04315}, + doi = {10.1038/nature04315}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {T. Chaneliere and D. N. Matsukevich and S. D. Jenkins and S.-Y. Lan and T. A. B. Kennedy and A. Kuzmich}, + month = dec, + year = {2005}, + pages = {833-836} +} + +@article{eisaman_electromagnetically_2005, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with tunable single-photon pulses}, + volume = {438}, + issn = {0028-0836}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04327}, + doi = {10.1038/nature04327}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {M. D. Eisaman and A. Andr\'{e} and F. Massou and M. Fleischhauer and A. S. Zibrov and M. D. Lukin}, + month = dec, + year = {2005}, + pages = {837-841} +} + +@article{lezama_numerical_2008, + title = {Numerical investigation of the quantum fluctuations of optical fields transmitted through an atomic medium}, + volume = {77}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v77/e013806}, + journal = {Physical Review A}, + author = {A. Lezama and P. Valente and H. Failache and M. Martinelli and P. Nussenzveig}, + year = {2008}, + keywords = {quantum entanglement}, + pages = {013806-11} +} + +@article{kolchin_generation_2006, + title = {Generation of Narrow-Bandwidth Paired Photons: Use of a Single Driving Laser}, + volume = {97}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v97/e113602}, + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, + author = {Pavel Kolchin and Shengwang Du and Chinmay Belthangady and G. Y. Yin and S. E. Harris}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {113602-4} +} + + +@article{lukin03rmp, + title = {Colloquium: Trapping and manipulating photon states in atomic ensembles}, + volume = {75}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v75/p457}, + journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics}, + author = {M. D. Lukin}, + month = apr, + year = {2003}, + pages = {457} +} + + +@article{eisaman04, + title = {Shaping Quantum Pulses of Light Via Coherent Atomic Memory}, + volume = {93}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v93/e233602}, + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, + author = {M. D. Eisaman and L. Childress and A. Andr\'{e} and F. Massou and A. S. Zibrov and M. D. Lukin}, + month = nov, + year = {2004}, + pages = {233602} +} + + +@article{matsukevich06, + title = {Deterministic Single Photons via Conditional Quantum Evolution}, + volume = {97}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v97/e013601}, + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, + author = {D. N. Matsukevich and T. Chaneliere and S. D. Jenkins and S.-Y. Lan and T. A. B. Kennedy and A. Kuzmich}, + month = jul, + year = {2006}, + pages = {013601-4} +} + + +@article{chen06, + title = {Deterministic and Storable Single-Photon Source Based on a Quantum Memory}, + volume = {97}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v97/e173004}, + journal = {Physical Review Letters}, + author = {Shuai Chen and Yu-Ao Chen and Thorsten Strassel and Zhen-Sheng Yuan and Bo Zhao and Jorg Schmiedmayer and Jian-Wei Pan}, + month = oct, + year = {2006}, + pages = {173004-4} +} + +@article{strekalov_electromagnetically_2007, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with a partially standing drive field}, + volume = {76}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v76/e053828}, + journal = {Physical Review A}, + author = {Dmitry V. Strekalov and Andrey B. Matsko and Nan Yu}, + month = nov, + year = {2007}, + keywords = {quantum interference phenomena,reflectivity}, + pages = {053828-7} +} + +@article{julsgaard04, + title = {Experimental demonstration of quantum memory for light}, + volume = {432}, + issn = {0028-0836}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03064}, + doi = {10.1038/nature03064}, + journal = {Nature}, + author = {Brian Julsgaard and Jacob Sherson and J. Ignacio Cirac and Jaromir Fiurasek and Eugene S. Polzik}, + month = nov, + year = {2004}, + pages = {482-486} +} + +@book{bachor_guide_2004, + edition = {2}, + title = {A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics}, + isbn = {3527403930}, + publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, + ADDRESS = "USA", + author = {Hans-A. Bachor and Timothy C. Ralph}, + month = apr, + year = {2004}, +} + +@Article{PhysRevLett.59.198, + title = {Squeezed-state generation by the normal modes of a coupled system}, + author = {Raizen, M. G. and Orozco, L. A. and Xiao, Min and Boyd, + T. L. and Kimble, H. J.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {59}, + number = {2}, + pages = {198--201}, + numpages = {3}, + year = {1987}, + month = {Jul}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.198}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@article{mikhailov2009arxive2JMO, +author = {Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Arturo Lezama and Thomas W. Noel and Irina Novikova}, +journal = {arXiv}, +pages = {arXiv:0903.3156}, +title = {Vacuum squeezing via polarization self-rotation and excess noise in hot Rb vapors}, +year = {2009}, +} + +@article{mikhailov2008ol, +author = {Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Irina Novikova}, +journal = {Opt. Lett.}, +keywords = {Coherent optical effects; Stark effect; Lasers and laser optics; Quantum optics; Squeezed states}, +number = {11}, +pages = {1213--1215}, +publisher = {OSA}, +title = {Low-frequency vacuum squeezing via polarization self-rotation in Rb vapor}, +volume = {33}, +year = {2008}, +url = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-33-11-1213}, +doi = {10.1364/OL.33.001213}, +} + +@article{mikhailov2009arxive2ol, +author = {Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Irina Novikova and M. D. Havey and F. A. Narducci }, +journal = {arXiv}, +pages = {arXiv:0907.4683}, +title = {Vacuum squeezing via polarization self-rotation and excess noise in hot Rb vapors}, +year = {2009}, +} + +@article{ligoSciCol2009, +author = {The LIGO Scientific Collaboration}, +journal = {arXiv}, +pages = {arXiv:0711.3041}, +title = {LIGO: The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory}, +year = {2009}, +} + +@article{ilchenkoJOSAB03_shg_theory, + author = {Vladimir S. Ilchenko and Andrey B. Matsko and Anatoliy A. + Savchenkov and Lute Maleki}, + journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B}, + keywords = {Harmonic generation and mixing ; Parametric oscillators and + amplifiers; All-optical devices; Resonators}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1304--1308}, + publisher = {OSA}, + title = {Low-threshold parametric nonlinear optics with + quasi-phase-matched whispering-gallery modes}, + volume = {20}, + year = {2003}, + url = {http://josab.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-20-6-1304}, +} + +@Article{savchenkovPRL04_SHG, + title = {Nonlinear Optics and Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode + Cavities}, + author = {Ilchenko, Vladimir S. and Savchenkov, Anatoliy A. and + Matsko, Andrey B. and Maleki, Lute }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {92}, + number = {4}, + pages = {043903}, + numpages = {4}, + year = {2004}, + month = {Jan}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.043903}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{savchenkovPRA04_highQ, + title = {Kilohertz optical resonances in dielectric crystal cavities}, + author = {Savchenkov, Anatoliy A. and Ilchenko, Vladimir S. and + Matsko, Andrey B. and Maleki, Lute }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {70}, + number = {5}, + pages = {051804}, + numpages = {4}, + year = {2004}, + month = {Nov}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.70.051804}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + + +@article{sergienko03apl_NRD, + abstract = {View This Record in Scopus}, + author = {Miller, Aaron J. and Nam, Sae W. and Martinis, John M. and Sergienko, Alexander V.}, + citeulike-article-id = {2889631}, + citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal\&id=APPLAB000083000004000791000001\&idtype=cvips\&gifs=yes}, + citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://link.aip.org/link/?APL/83/791}, + journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, + keywords = {detector}, + number = {4}, + pages = {791--793}, + posted-at = {2009-05-05 18:54:05}, + priority = {2}, + publisher = {AIP}, + title = {Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination}, + url = {http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal\&id=APPLAB000083000004000791000001\&idtype=cvips\&gifs=yes}, + volume = {83}, + year = {2003} +} + +@article{dowling09arxive_super_resolution_NRD, + author = {Yang Gao and Christoph F. Wildfeuer and Petr M. Anisimov and Hwang Lee and Jonathan P. Dowling}, + title = {Super-Resolution at the Shot-Noise Limit with Coherent States and Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors}, + journal = {arXiv}, + pages = {arXiv:0907.2382}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.2382}, + year = {2009} +} + +@article{dowling09arxive_sNRD_fabri_perot, + author = {Christoph F. Wildfeuer and Aaron J. Pearlman and Jun Chen and Jingyun Fan and Alan Migdall and Jonathan P. Dowling}, + title = {Resolution and sensitivity of a Fabry-Perot interferometer with a photon-number-resolving detector}, + journal = {arXiv}, + url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.1085}, + pages = {arXiv:0905.1085}, + year = {2009} +} + + +@article{kardynal08np_APD_NRD, + author = {Kardynal, B. E. and Yuan, Z. L. and Shields, A. J.}, + title = {An avalanche-photodiode-based photon-number-resolving detector}, + doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2008.101}, + journal = {Nature Photonics}, + keywords = {detector, diode}, + month = {July}, + number = {7}, + pages = {425--428}, + posted-at = {2009-04-23 21:25:49}, + priority = {2}, + publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.101}, + volume = {2}, + year = {2008} +} + + +@article{goda08nph_quantum-enhanced_gw_detector, + title = {A quantum-enhanced prototype gravitational-wave detector}, + volume = {4}, + issn = {1745-2473}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys920}, + doi = {10.1038/nphys920}, + number = {6}, + journal = {Nat Phys}, + author = {K. Goda and O. Miyakawa and E. E. Mikhailov and S. Saraf and R. Adhikari and K. {McKenzie} and R. Ward and S. Vass and A. J. Weinstein and N. Mavalvala}, + month = jun, + year = {2008}, + pages = {472--476} +} + + + + +@Article{mikhailov2009jmo, + title = "Vacuum squeezing via polarization self-rotation and excess noise in hot Rb vapors", + author = "Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and Arturo Lezama and Thomas W. Noel and Irina Novikova", + journal = "JMO", + year = "2009", + pages = "1985-1992", + number = {18\&19}, + volume = {56}, + source = "http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/09500340903159503", + abstract = { + We present experimental and theoretical analysis of quantum fluctuation in a vacuum field in the presence of an orthogonal linearly polarized pump field propagating through a Rb vapor cell. Previously reported theoretical and experimental studies provided somewhat contradictory conclusions regarding the possibility of observing the 'squeezed vacuum'-the reduction of vacuum fluctuations below the standard quantum limit-in this system. Here, using the D1 transitions of Rb in a cell without a buffer as an example, we demonstrate that vacuum squeezing is corrupted by incoherent processes (such as spontaneous emission, elastic scattering, etc), and its observation is only possible in a specific small region of the experimental parameter space. Numerical simulations, in good agreement with the experiment, demonstrate that the two excited state hyperfine levels play a crucial role in the squeezing and excess noise production. The significant influence of far-detuned atoms on the field fluctuations at low noise frequencies imposes the explicit consideration of the full velocity distribution of the atomic vapor. + } +} + +@Article{schnabel2010with11db, + title = {Observation of squeezed states with strong photon-number + oscillations}, + author = {Mehmet, Moritz and Vahlbruch, Henning and Lastzka, + Nico and Danzmann, Karsten and Schnabel, Roman }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {81}, + number = {1}, + pages = {013814}, + numpages = {7}, + year = {2010}, + month = {Jan}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.81.013814}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@article{grangier2010oe, + author = {Imad H. Agha and Ga\'{e}tan Messin and Philippe + Grangier}, + journal = {Opt. Express}, + keywords = {Quantum optics; Squeezed states}, + number = {5}, + pages = {4198--4205}, + publisher = {OSA}, + title = {Generation of pulsed and continuous-wave squeezed light + with 87Rb vapor}, + volume = {18}, + year = {2010}, + source = {http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-5-4198}, + doi = {10.1364/OE.18.004198}, +} + +@Article{mitchell2008pra, + title = {Rubidium resonant squeezed light from a diode-pumped + optical-parametric oscillator}, + author = {Predojevi\ifmmode \acute{c}\else \'{c}\fi{}, A. and + Zhai, Z. and Caballero, J. M. and Mitchell, M. W.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {78}, + number = {6}, + pages = {063820}, + numpages = {6}, + year = {2008}, + month = {Dec}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.78.063820}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{saleh87prl, + title = {Can the channel capacity of a light-wave communication + system be increased by the use of photon-number--squeezed + light?}, + author = {Saleh, B. E. A. and Teich, M. C.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {58}, + number = {25}, + pages = {2656--2659}, + numpages = {3}, + year = {1987}, + month = {Jun}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.2656}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{slusher85prl, + title = {Observation of Squeezed States Generated by Four-Wave + Mixing in an Optical Cavity}, + author = {Slusher, R. E. and Hollberg, L. W. and Yurke, B. and + Mertz, J. C. and Valley, J. F.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {55}, + number = {22}, + pages = {2409--2412}, + numpages = {3}, + year = {1985}, + month = {Nov}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.2409}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{polzik92prl, + title = {Spectroscopy with squeezed light}, + author = {Polzik, E. S. and Carri, J. and Kimble, H. J.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {68}, + number = {20}, + pages = {3020--3023}, + numpages = {3}, + year = {1992}, + month = {May}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.3020}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{kaiser, + title = {Coherent Backscattering of Light by Cold Atoms}, + author = {Labeyrie, G. and de Tomasi, F. and Bernard, J.-C. + and M\"uller, C. A. and Miniatura, C. and Kaiser, R. + }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {83}, + number = {25}, + pages = {5266--5269}, + numpages = {3}, + year = {1999}, + month = {Dec}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5266}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Misc{kaiser2mark, + author = {R. Kaiser}, + howpublished = {personal communication with M.Havey}, + year = 2010 +} + + +@article{gauthier, + author = {Joel A. Greenberg and Marcos Oria and Andrew M. C. Dawes + and Daniel J. Gauthier}, + journal = {Opt. Express}, + keywords = {Laser trapping; Nonlinear optics; Laser cooling}, + number = {26}, + pages = {17699--17708}, + publisher = {OSA}, + title = {Absorption-induced trapping in an anisotropic + magneto-optical trap}, + volume = {15}, + year = {2007}, + url = + {http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-26-17699}, +} + +@Article{giacobino2003prl, + title = {Polarization Squeezing with Cold Atoms}, + author = {Josse, V. and Dantan, A. and Vernac, L. and + Bramati, A. and Pinard, M. and Giacobino, E. }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {91}, + number = {10}, + pages = {103601}, + numpages = {4}, + year = {2003}, + month = {Sep}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.103601}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{gigiacobino2004prl, + title = {Continuous Variable Entanglement using Cold Atoms}, + author = {Josse, V. and Dantan, A. and Bramati, A. and + Pinard, M. and Giacobino, E. }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {92}, + number = {12}, + pages = {123601}, + numpages = {4}, + year = {2004}, + month = {Mar}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.123601}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@article{giacobino96epl, + author={A. Lambrecht and T. Coudreau and A. M. Steinberg and E. + Giacobino}, + title={Squeezing with cold atoms}, + journal={EPL (Europhysics Letters)}, + volume={36}, + number={2}, + pages={93}, + url={http://stacks.iop.org/0295-5075/36/i=2/a=093}, + year={1996}, + abstract={Cold atoms from a magneto-optic trap + have been used as a nonlinear (χ (3) ) + medium in a nearly resonant + cavity. Squeezing in a probe beam + passing through the cavity was + demonstrated. The measured noise + reduction is 40\% for free atoms + and 20\% for weakly trapped + atoms.} +} + +@article{shapiro91ol, + author = {S. T. Ho and N. C. Wong and J. H. Shapiro}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + keywords = {}, + number = {11}, + pages = {840--842}, + publisher = {OSA}, + title = {Single-beam squeezed-state generation in sodium vapor and + its self-focusing limitations}, + volume = {16}, + year = {1991}, + url = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-16-11-840}, +} + +@Article{lu98prl, + title = {Observation of Squeezing in the Phase-Dependent + Fluorescence Spectra of Two-Level Atoms}, + author = {Lu, Z. H. and Bali, S. and Thomas, J. E.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {81}, + number = {17}, + pages = {3635--3638}, + numpages = {3}, + year = {1998}, + month = {Oct}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.3635}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{yudinPRA2010, + title = {Vector magnetometry based on electromagnetically induced + transparency in linearly polarized light}, + author = {Yudin, V. I. and Taichenachev, A. V. and Dudin, Y. O. + and Velichansky, V. L. and Zibrov, A. S. and Zibrov, S. + A.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {82}, + number = {3}, + pages = {033807}, + numpages = {7}, + year = {2010}, + month = {Sep}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.82.033807}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@ARTICLE{mikhailov2010compass, + author = {Cox, K. and Yudin, V.~I. and Taichenachev, A.~V. + and Novikova, I. and + Mikhailov, E.~E.}, + title = {Measurements of vector magnetic field using + multiple electromagnetically induced transparency + resonances in Rb vapor}, + journal = {ArXiv e-prints 1011.0503}, + archivePrefix = {arXiv}, + eprint = {1011.0503}, + primaryClass = {physics.atom-ph}, + keywords = {Physics - Atomic Physics}, + year = 2010, + month = nov, +} + +@article{mikhailovOL2009imager, + author = {Eugeniy E. Mikhailov and I. Novikova and M. D. Havey and + F. A. Narducci}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + keywords = {Coherent optical effects; Line shapes and shifts; + Zeeman effect; Coherent optical effects}, + number = {22}, + pages = {3529--3531}, + publisher = {OSA}, + title = {Magnetic field imaging with atomic Rb vapor}, + volume = {34}, + month = {Nov}, + year = {2009}, + url = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-34-22-3529}, + doi = {10.1364/OL.34.003529}, + abstract = {We demonstrate the possibility of dynamic imaging of + magnetic fields using electromagnetically induced + transparency in an atomic gas. As an experimental + demonstration we employ an atomic Rb gas confined + in a glass cell to image the transverse magnetic + field created by a long straight wire. In this + arrangement, which clearly reveals the essential + effect, the field of view is about 2{\texttimes}2 + mm2 and the field detection uncertainty is 0.14 mG + per 10 $\mu$m{\texttimes}10 $\mu$m image pixel.}, +} + +@MANUAL{HMC1043specs, + title = {HMC1043 3-Axis Magnetoresistive Sensor}, + organization = {Honeywell}, + url = {http://www.magneticsensors.com/datasheets.html}, + address = {http://www.magneticsensors.com/datasheets.html}, +} + +@MANUAL{FVM400specs, + title = {The FVM400 Vector Magnetometer}, + organization = {MEDA}, + url = {http://www.meda.com/FVM400.htm}, + address = {http://www.meda.com/FVM400.htm}, +} + +@article{vanier05apb, + author = {J. Vanier.}, + title = {Atomic clocks based on coherent population trapping: a review}, + journal = {Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics}, + keywords = {32.10.Fn, 32.30.Bv, 32.70.Jz, 32.80.Wr}, + year = 2005, + month = aug, + volume = 81, + pages = {421-442}, + doi = {10.1007/s00340-005-1905-3}, +} + + +@Article{happerPhysRev68, + title = {Light Shifts in the Alkali Atoms}, + author = {Mathur, B. S. and Tang, H. and Happer, W. }, + journal = {Phys. Rev.}, + volume = {171}, + number = {1}, + pages = {11--19}, + numpages = {8}, + year = {1968}, + month = {Jul}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.171.11}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@ARTICLE{2003APS..DMP.L3010N, + author = {{Nash}, J. and {Narducci}, F.~A.}, + title = "{Magneto-Optic Rotation in a Cold Gas}", + journal = {APS Meeting Abstracts}, + year = 2003, + month = may, + pages = {L3010+}, + adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System} +} + +@Article{PhysRevA.79.033418, + title = {Optical pumping dynamics and near-resonance light scattering in an ultracold sample of $^{87}Rb$ atoms}, + author = {Balik, S. and Havey, M. D. and Sokolov, I. M. and Kupriyanov, D. V.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {79}, + number = {3}, + pages = {033418}, + numpages = {7}, + year = {2009}, + month = {Mar}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.79.033418}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@ARTICLE{2010PhRvA..81e3420W, + author = {{Wojciechowski}, A. and {Corsini}, E. and {Zachorowski}, J. and + {Gawlik}, W.}, + title = "{Nonlinear Faraday rotation and detection of superposition states in cold atoms}", + journal = {\pra}, +archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {1001.1629}, + primaryClass = "physics.atom-ph", + keywords = {Magnetooptical and electrooptical spectra and effects, Level crossing and optical pumping, Nonclassical states of the electromagnetic field, including entangled photon states; quantum state engineering and measurements, Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption}, + year = 2010, + month = may, + volume = 81, + number = 5, + pages = {053420-+}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.81.053420}, +} + +@article{Davis:92, +author = {William V. Davis and Alexander L. Gaeta and Robert W. Boyd}, +journal = {Opt. Lett.}, +keywords = {}, +number = {18}, +pages = {1304--1306}, +publisher = {OSA}, +title = {Polarization-ellipse rotation by induced gyrotropy in atomic vapors}, +volume = {17}, +month = {Sep}, +year = {1992}, +doi = {10.1364/OL.17.001304}, +adsurl = {http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-17-18-1304}, +} + + +@Article{PhysRev.137.A801, + title = {Study of Optical Effects Due to an Induced Polarization Third Order in the Electric Field Strength}, + author = {Maker, P. D. and Terhune, R. W.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev.}, + volume = {137}, + number = {3A}, + pages = {A801--A818}, + numpages = {17}, + year = {1965}, + month = {Feb}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.137.A801}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@article{Drampyan2007251, +title = "Two field nonlinear Faraday rotation in rubidium vapor in a Doppler-free geometry", +journal = "Optics Communications", +volume = "276", +number = "2", +pages = "251 - 260", +year = "2007", +note = "", +issn = "0030-4018", +doi = "DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2007.04.027", +author = "Rafael Drampyan and Andrew D. Greentree and A.V. Durrant", +adsurl = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TVF-4NRCW55-2/2/8cdfafc3bbda290df03fc4d347a31645", +} + +@Article{PhysRevA.66.043815, + title = {Vacuum squeezing in atomic media via self-rotation}, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Novikova, I. and Welch, G. R. and Budker, D. and Kimball, D. F. and Rochester, S. M.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {66}, + number = {4}, + pages = {043815}, + numpages = {10}, + year = {2002}, + month = {Oct}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.66.043815}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{PhysRevA.68.025801, + title = {Experimental vacuum squeezing in rubidium vapor via self-rotation}, + author = {Ries, J. and Brezger, B. and Lvovsky, A. I.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {68}, + number = {2}, + pages = {025801}, + numpages = {4}, + year = {2003}, + month = {Aug}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.68.025801}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@ARTICLE{2009JMOp...56.1985M, + author = {{Mikhailov}, E. and {Lezama}, A. and {Noel}, T. and {Novikova}, I. + }, + title = "{Vacuum squeezing via polarization self-rotation and excess noise in hot Rb vapors}", + journal = {Journal of Modern Optics}, + archivePrefix = "arXiv", + eprint = {0903.3156}, + primaryClass = "quant-ph", + year = 2009, + month = oct, + volume = 56, + pages = {1985-1992}, + doi = {10.1080/09500340903159503}, +} + +@Article{PhysRevA.64.033402, + title = {Large Faraday rotation of resonant light in a cold atomic cloud}, + author = {Labeyrie, G. and Miniatura, C. and Kaiser, R. }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {64}, + number = {3}, + pages = {033402}, + numpages = {7}, + year = {2001}, + month = {Aug}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.64.033402}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{PhysRevLett.100.033602, + title = {Observation of Squeezed Light with 10-dB Quantum-Noise Reduction}, + author = {Vahlbruch, Henning and Mehmet, Moritz and Chelkowski, Simon and Hage, Boris and Franzen, Alexander and Lastzka, Nico and Go\ss{}ler, Stefan and Danzmann, Karsten and Schnabel, Roman }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + volume = {100}, + number = {3}, + pages = {033602}, + numpages = {4}, + year = {2008}, + month = {Jan}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.033602}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{Siz99, + title = {The optical Kerr effect and quantum optics in fibers}, + author = {Sizmann, Andreas and Leuchs, Gerd}, + journal = {Prog. Opt.}, + volume = {39}, + pages = {373-469}, + numpages = {96}, + year = {1999}, + doi = {10.1016/S0079-6638(08)70392-5}, + publisher = {Elsevier} +} + +@article{Lin:08, +author = {Yen-Wei Lin and Hung-Chih Chou and Prashant P. Dwivedi and Ying-Cheng Chen and Ite A. Yu}, +journal = {Opt. Express}, +keywords = {Laser trapping; Coherent optical effects; Absorption; Laser cooling}, +number = {6}, +pages = {3753--3761}, +publisher = {OSA}, +title = {Using a pair of rectangular coils in the MOT for the production of cold atom clouds with large optical density}, +volume = {16}, +month = {Mar}, +year = {2008}, +doi = {10.1364/OE.16.003753}, +adsurl = {http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-6-3753}, +} + +@article{Greenberg:07, +author = {Joel A. Greenberg and Marcos Oria and Andrew M. C. Dawes and Daniel J. Gauthier}, +journal = {Opt. Express}, +keywords = {Laser trapping; Nonlinear optics; Laser cooling}, +number = {26}, +pages = {17699--17708}, +publisher = {OSA}, +title = {Absorption-induced trapping in an anisotropic magneto-optical trap}, +volume = {15}, +month = {Dec}, +year = {2007}, +doi = {10.1364/OE.15.017699}, +adsurl = {http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-26-17699}, +} + +@article{1402-4896-81-2-025301, + author={G L Gattobigio and T Pohl and G Labeyrie and R Kaiser}, + title={Scaling laws for large magneto-optical traps}, + journal={Physica Scripta}, + volume={81}, + number={2}, + pages={025301}, + adsurl={http://stacks.iop.org/1402-4896/81/i=2/a=025301}, + year={2010}, + } + + @article{Agha:10, +author = {Imad H. Agha and Ga\'{e}tan Messin and Philippe Grangier}, +journal = {Opt. Express}, +keywords = {Quantum optics; Squeezed states}, +number = {5}, +pages = {4198--4205}, +publisher = {OSA}, +title = {Generation of pulsed and continuous-wave squeezed light with 87Rb vapor}, +volume = {18}, +month = {Mar}, +year = {2010}, +adsurl = {http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-5-4198}, +doi = {10.1364/OE.18.004198}, +} + +@Article{lezama02, + title = {Comparative study of the transient evolution of Hanle electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption resonances}, + author = {Valente, P. and Failache, H. and Lezama, A. }, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {65}, + number = {2}, + pages = {023814}, + numpages = {8}, + year = {2002}, + month = {Jan}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.65.023814}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@Article{Rb87numbers, + title = {Rubidium 87 D Line Data}, + author = {Daniel A. Steck}, + year = {2010}, + month = {Dec}, + url = {http://steck.us/alkalidata} +} + +@Article{mikhailov_psr_mot2011, + title = {Polarization self-rotation in ultracold atomic $^{87}$Rb}, + author = {Horrom, Travis and Balik, Salim and Lezama, Arturo and Havey, Mark D. and Mikhailov, Eugeniy E.}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + volume = {83}, + number = {5}, + pages = {053850}, + numpages = {9}, + year = {2011}, + month = {May}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.83.053850}, + publisher = {American Physical Society} +} + +@article{mikhailov2011jmo, + author = {Horrom, Travis and Lezama, Arturo and Balik, Salim and + Havey, Mark D. and Mikhailov, Eugeniy E.}, + title = {Quadrature noise in light propagating through a cold + $^{87}$Rb atomic gas}, + journal = {Journal of Modern Optics}, + volume = {electronic version available}, + number = {doi:10.1080/09500340.2011.594181}, + pages = {1-6}, + year = {2011}, + doi = {10.1080/09500340.2011.594181}, + + URL = + {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09500340.2011.594181}, + eprint = + {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09500340.2011.594181} +} + + +@article{Zoller.PhysRevLett.47.709, + title = {Reduced Quantum Fluctuations in Resonance Fluorescence}, + month = {Sep}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.47.709}, + author = {Walls, D. F. and Zoller, P.}, + year = {1981}, + issue = {10}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.47.709}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + pages = {709--711}, + volume = {47} +} + +@article{masahito.PhysRevLett.67.1852, + title = {Nonlinear-interferometric generation of + number-phase-correlated fermion states}, + month = {Sep}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1852}, + author = {Kitagawa, Masahiro and Ueda, Masahito}, + year = {1991}, + issue = {14}, + url = + {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1852}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + pages = {1852--1854}, + volume = {67} +} + +@article{Leibfried2004science.04062004, + author = {Leibfried, D. and Barrett, M. D. and Schaetz, T. and + Britton, J. and Chiaverini, J. and Itano, W. M. and Jost, + J. D. and Langer, C. and Wineland, D. J.}, + title = {Toward Heisenberg-Limited Spectroscopy with Multiparticle + Entangled States}, + volume = {304}, + number = {5676}, + pages = {1476-1478}, + year = {2004}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1097576}, + abstract ={The precision in spectroscopy of any quantum system is + fundamentally limited by the Heisenberg uncertainty + relation for energy and time. For N systems, this + limit requires that they be in a + quantum-mechanically entangled state. We describe a + scalable method of spectroscopy that can + potentially take full advantage of entanglement to + reach the Heisenberg limit and has the practical + advantage that the spectroscopic information is + transferred to states with optimal protection + against readout noise. We demonstrate our method + experimentally with three beryllium ions. The + spectroscopic sensitivity attained is 1.45(2) times + as high as that of a perfect experiment with three + non-entangled particles.}, + URL = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5676/1476.abstract}, + eprint = + {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5676/1476.full.pdf}, + journal = {Science} +} + +@article{gross2010nonlinear, + title={Nonlinear atom interferometer surpasses classical + precision limit}, + author={Gross, C. and Zibold, T. and Nicklas, E. and Esteve, J. + and Oberthaler, M.K.}, + journal={Nature}, + volume={464}, + number={7292}, + pages={1165--1169}, + year={2010}, + publisher={Nature Publishing Group} +} + +@ARTICLE{roos2006nature, + author = {C.~F.~ Roos and M.~ Chwalla and K.~ Kim and M.~ Riebe + and R.~ Blatt}, + title = {'Designer atoms' for quantum metrology}, + journal = {NATURE}, + volume = {443}, + pages = {316}, + url = {doi:10.1038/nature05101}, + year = {2006} +} + +@article{lezama2011pra, + numpages = {4}, + title = {Polarization squeezing of light by single passage through an atomic vapor}, + month = {Sep}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.84.033851}, + author = {Barreiro, S. and Valente, P. and Failache, H. and Lezama, A.}, + year = {2011}, + issue = {3}, + url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.033851}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + pages = {033851}, + volume = {84} +} + +@article{hansch_comb2000prl, + title = {Direct Link between Microwave and Optical Frequencies + with a 300 THz Femtosecond Laser Comb}, + month = {May}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102}, + author = {Diddams, Scott A. and Jones, David J. and Ye, Jun + and Cundiff, Steven T. and Hall, John L. and Ranka, + Jinendra K. and Windeler, Robert S. and Holzwarth, + Ronald and Udem, Thomas and H\"ansch, T. W.}, + year = {2000}, + issue = {22}, + url = + {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5102}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + pages = {5102--5105}, + volume = {84} +} + +@article{novikova02JMO, + Abstract = {We study polarization self-rotation of elliptically + polarized light in an optically thick atomic rubidium vapour. + Polarization rotation angles as large as 2 radians were detected. We + discuss the application of this self-rotation for squeezing of + electromagnetic vacuum and develop a theoretical model of + the effect}, + Author = {Novikova, I. and Matsko, A. B. and Welch, G. R.}, + ISSN = {09500340}, + Journal = {Journal of Modern Optics}, + Keywords = {POLARIZATION (Light), RUBIDIUM}, + Number = {14/15}, + Pages = {2565 - 2581}, + Title = {Large polarization self-rotation in rubidium vapour: + application for squeezing of electromagnetic vacuum.}, + Volume = {49}, + url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9019384&site=ehost-live}, + Year = {2002}, +} + +@article{vuletic2011science, + author = {Tanji-Suzuki, Haruka and Chen, Wenlan and Landig, Renate and Simon, Jonathan and Vuletić, Vladan}, + title = {Vacuum-Induced Transparency}, + year = {2011}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1208066}, + abstract ={Photons are excellent information carriers but normally pass through each other without consequence. Engineered interactions between photons would enable applications from quantum information processing to simulation of condensed matter systems. Using an ensemble of cold atoms strongly coupled to an optical cavity, we demonstrate experimentally that the transmission of light through a medium may be controlled with few photons and even by the electromagnetic vacuum field. The vacuum induces a group delay of 25 ns on the input optical pulse, corresponding to a light velocity of 1600 m/s, and a transparency of 40% that increases to 80% when the resonator is filled with 10 photons. This strongly nonlinear effect provides prospects for advanced quantum devices such as photon-number-state filters.}, + URL = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2011/08/03/science.1208066.abstract}, + eprint = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2011/08/03/science.1208066.full.pdf}, + journal = {Science} +} + diff --git a/eit_1995_2003.bib b/eit_1995_2003.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33348b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/eit_1995_2003.bib @@ -0,0 +1,2710 @@ +This file was automatically generated from entries from the ISI (Institute +for Scientific Information) databases of scientific and other academic +documents, using isi2bibtex version 0.4, a perl script which converts ISI or +BIDS format files to BibTeX format files for inclusion in documents typeset +using the LaTeX document processor. + +Try perldoc isi2bibtex for instructions, or read the script. + +This file generated on Wednesday 27th May 2003, from file +'/home/evmik/dl/CIW.cgi', which has no subject line. + +@ARTICLE{FangXDJ03, + author = {Fang, A. P. and Xu, H. L. and Dai, Z. W. and Jiang, Z. + K.}, + title = {Theoretical study of electromagnetically induced + transparency in Er3+: YAlO3 crystal}, + journal = {Physica B}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {328}, + pages = {204-210}, + abstract = {By using the density matrix theory of interaction + between light and matter, and relevant parameter calculations of + the relaxation rate, the dipole matrix elements and the ion density + for a three-level ladder model, we have discussed theoretically the + possibility to realize electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in Er3+:YA1O(3) crystal. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All + rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Xiao03, + author = {Xiao, M.}, + title = {Novel linear and nonlinear optical properties of + electromagnetically induced transparency systems}, + journal = {IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {86-92}, + abstract = {We describe some interesting linear and nonlinear + optical properties of three-level electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) systems, such as absorption reduction, sharp + dispersion change, and enhanced Kerr nonlinearity. These novel + optical properties are very useful in enhancing efficient nonlinear + optical processes, which can find applications in optoelectronic + devices. We present some experiments done in our group in the past + few years with three-level atomic systems, especially more recent + experiments with EIT medium inside an optical cavity. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WuWZ03, + author = {Wu, Y. and Wen, L. L. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Efficient hyper-Raman scattering in resonant coherent + media}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {28}, + pages = {631-633}, + abstract = {We propose and analyze a hyper-Raman scheme for + generation of coherent light in a five-level atomic system based on + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that EIT + suppresses linear and nonlinear photon absorption and enables the + hyper-Raman process to proceed through real, nearresonant + intermediate states. The scheme greatly enhances hyper-Raman + efficiency and may be used for generating short- wavelength + radiation at low pump intensities. (C) 2003 Optical Society of + America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LiS03, + author = {Li, Y. F. and Sun, J. F.}, + title = {Ultra-narrow electromagnetically induced transparency + and inversionless gain in a ladder-four-level system}, + journal = {Acta Phys. Sin.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {52}, + pages = {547-555}, + abstract = {In this paper, we study the effects of Rabi + frequencies and multi-path radiation on the electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) and the inversionless gain in a ladder- + four-level system driven by two-coherent fields. The Rabi + frequencies of the field-driven transition from the upper level to + middle levels play an important role for the realization of the + ultra-narrow EIT and inversionless gain. Different excitation + mechanism can change the position of the EIT. The action of the + spontaneous alignment of the dipole moment is investigated. The + explanation for the numerical results is presented using the theory + of dressed state. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PaternostroKH03, + author = {Paternostro, M. and Kim, M. S. and Ham, B. S.}, + title = {Generation of entangled coherent states via + cross-phasemodulation in a double electromagnetically induced + transparency regime}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023811}, + abstract = {The generation of an entangled coherent state is one + of the most important ingredients of quantum information processing + using coherent states. Recently, numerous schemes to achieve this + task have been proposed. In order to generate travellingwave + entangled coherent states, cross-phase-modulation, optimized by + optical Kerr effect enhancement in a dense medium in an + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) regime, seems to be + very promising. In this scenario, we propose a fully quantized + model of a double-EIT scheme recently proposed [D. Petrosyan and G. + Kurizki, Phys. Rev. A 65, 33 833 (2002)]: the quantization step is + performed adopting a fully Hamiltonian approach. This allows us to + write effective equations of motion for two interacting quantum + fields of light that show how the dynamics of one field depends on + the photon-number operator of the other. The preparation of a + Schrodinger cat state, which is a superposition of two distinct + coherent states, is briefly exposed. This is based on nonlinear + interaction via double EIT of two light fields (initially prepared + in coherent states) and on a detection step performed using a 50:50 + beam splitter and two photodetectors. In order to show the + entanglement of an entangled coherent state, we suggest to measure + the joint quadrature variance of the field. We show that the + entangled coherent states satisfy the sufficient condition for + entanglement based on quadrature variance measurement. We also show + how robust our scheme is against a low detection efficiency of + homodyne detectors. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AgarwalD03, + author = {Agarwal, G. S. and Dasgupta, S.}, + title = {Laser-induced breakdown of the magnetic-field-reversal + symmetry in the propagation of unpolarized light}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023814}, + abstract = {We show how a medium, under the influence of a + coherent control field that is resonant or close to resonance to an + appropriate atomic transition, can lead to very strong asymmetries + in the propagation of unpolarized light when the direction of the + magnetic field is reversed. We show how electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) can be used in atomic vapor to mimic this + magnetochiral effect that occurs in natural systems. EIT can + produce much larger asymmetry than the well-known magnetochiral + effect as we use the dipole-allowed transitions here. Using + density-matrix calculations we present results for the breakdown of + the magnetic-field-reversal symmetry for two different atomic + configurations. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GreentreeRVDdSM03, + author = {Greentree, A. D. and Richards, D. and Vaccaro, J. A. + and Durrant, A. V. and de Echaniz, S. R. and Segal, D. M. and + Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Intensity-dependent dispersion under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency in coherently prepared + multistate atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023818}, + abstract = {Interest in lossless nonlinearities has focussed on + the dispersive properties of Lambda systems under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We generalize the + Lambda system by introducing further degenerate states to realize a + "chain Lambda" atom where multiple coupling of the probe field + significantly enhances the intensity-dependent dispersion without + compromising the EIT condition. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhuL02, + author = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency mediated by + phonons in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {75}, + pages = {861-864}, + abstract = {It is shown theoretically that electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT), due to strong exciton-phonon coupling + can occur in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems such as + polymers and organic semiconductors and lead to ultra-slow light + effects. The results indicate that the strong coupling of excitons + and phonons is important, but the excitonexciton interaction + plays a small role in the generation of the EIT. Numerical results + for polydiacetylene-toluene sulfonate are also presented. This EIT + in a solid-state medium might be utilized for efficient multiwave + mixing and quantum nondemolition measurements, as well as for novel + acousto- optical devices. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhangJSDW03, + author = {Zhang, Y. L. and Jiang, L. and Sun, Z. R. and Ding, L. + E. and Wang, Z. G.}, + title = {Effect of four-wave mixing on electromagnetically + induced transparency in Lambda-type system with a two-photon probe + field}, + journal = {Chin. Phys.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {12}, + pages = {174-177}, + abstract = {Using density matrix equation, we calculate + analytically as well as numerically the effect of the four-wave + mixing (FWM) field on electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in the rubidium 5S(1/2)-5P(3/2)-5D(5/2) Lambda-type system + with a twophoton probe field. The calculated results are in good + agreement with Fulton's experimental results in 1995.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ValenteFL03, + author = {Valente, P. and Failache, H. and Lezama, A.}, + title = {Temporal buildup of electromagnetically induced + transparency and absorption resonances in degenerate two-level + transitions}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {013806}, + abstract = {The temporal evolution of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) coherence resonances in + pump-probe spectroscopy of degenerate two-level atomic transition + is studied for light intensities below saturation. Analytical + expressions for the transient absorption spectra are given for + simple model systems and a model for the calculation of the + time-dependent response of realistic atomic transitions, where the + Zeeman degeneracy is fully accounted for, is presented. EIT and EIA + resonances have a similar (opposite sign) time-dependent line + shape, however, the EIA evolution is slower and thus narrower lines + are observed for long interaction time. Qualitative agreement with + the theoretical predictions is obtained for the transient probe + absorption on the Rb-85 D-2 line in an atomic beam experiment. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WuSZ03, + author = {Wu, Y. and Saldana, J. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Large enhancement of four-wave mixing by suppression + of photon absorption from electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {013811}, + abstract = {We analyze a four-wave-mixing (FWM) scheme in a + five-level atomic system based on electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). We show that EIT suppresses both two-photon and + threephoton absorptions in the FWM scheme and enables the + four-wave mixing to proceed through real, resonant intermediate + states without absorption loss. The scheme results in a several + orders of magnitude increase in the FWM efficiency in comparison + with a recent scheme [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 143902 (2002)] and may + be used for generating short-wavelength radiation at low pump + intensities. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{XuLBWG03, + author = {Xu, J. H. and La Rocca, G. C. and Bassani, F. and + Wang, D. and Gao, J. Y.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced one-photon and two-photon + transparency in rubidium atoms}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {216}, + pages = {157-164}, + abstract = {We investigate electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) for one-photon and resonant two-photon + transitions in rubidium atomic vapors. One-photon transparency is + obtained in the 5S5P-5D three level ladder system. At the same + time, we study electromagnetically induced transparency in the + two-photon transition (EITT) from the 5S to the 7S state resonant + with the 5P intermediate state, when the latter is coupled to the + 5D state by a control beam. The dependence of the transparency + profile on the controlling laser intensity, linewidth, and detuning + is investigated. Experimental results are obtained for isotopes + Rb-85 and Rb-87 characterized by different hyperfine structures. + Our findings for both the one-photon and the resonant two-photon + transparency agree well with the prediction from three and + four-level theory, respectively, with independently determined + spectroscopic parameters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights + reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KuznetsovaKHS02, + author = {Kuznetsova, E. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Hemmer, P. + and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Atomic interference phenomena in solids with a + long-lived spin coherence}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {063802}, + abstract = {We generalize the theory of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) and slow group velocity for the case of + the homogeneous and inhomogeneous line broadening in both oneand + two-photon transitions which unavoidably takes place in solid + materials with a long-lived spin coherence. We identify regimes of + EIT where the linewidth can be essentially reduced due to + inhomogeneous broadening and, moreover, can be proportional to the + amplitude of the driving field rather than the intensity. We + suggest also a class of solid materials, namely, rare-earth ion + doped semiconductors or dielectrics with electricdipole allowed + transitions, that is very promising for realization and + applications of EIT. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PatnaikLH02, + author = {Patnaik, A. K. and Liang, J. Q. and Hakuta, K.}, + title = {Slow light propagation in a thin optical fiber via + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {063808}, + abstract = {We propose a configuration that utilizes + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to tailor a fiber + mode propagating inside a thin optical fiber and coherently control + its dispersion properties to drastically reduce the group velocity + of the fiber mode. The key to this proposal is that the evanescent + field of the thin fiber strongly couples with the surrounding + active medium, so that the EIT condition is met by the medium. We + show how the properties of the fiber mode are modified due to the + EIT medium, both numerically and analytically. We demonstrate that + the group velocity of the modified fiber mode can be drastically + reduced (approximate to44 m/sec) using the coherently prepared + orthohydrogen doped in a matrix of parahydrogen crystal as the EIT + medium.} +} + +@ARTICLE{JohnssonF02, + author = {Johnsson, M. T. and Fleischhauer, M.}, + title = {Quantum theory of resonantly enhanced four-wave + mixing: Meanfield and exact numerical solutions}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {043808}, + abstract = {We present a full quantum analysis of resonant forward + fourwave mixing based on electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT). In particular, we study the regime of efficient nonlinear + conversion with low-intensity fields that has been predicted from a + semiclassical analysis. We derive an effective nonlinear + interaction Hamiltonian in the adiabatic limit. In contrast to + conventional nonlinear optics, this Hamiltonian does not have a + power expansion in the fields and the conversion length decreases + with decreasing input power. We analyze the stationary wave-mixing + process in the forward scattering configuration using an exact + numerical analysis for up to 10(3) input photons and compare the + results with a mean- field approach. Due to quantum effects, + complete conversion from the two pump fields into the signal and + idler modes is achieved only asymptotically for large coherent pump + intensities or for pump fields in few-photon Fock states. The + signal and idler fields are perfectly quantum correlated which has + potential applications in quantum communication schemes. We also + discuss the implementation of a single-photon phase gate for + continuous quantum computation. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KryachkoLT02, + author = {Kryachko, A. Y. and Litvak, A. G. and Tokman, M. D.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in + high-temperature magnetoactive plasma}, + journal = {J. Exp. Theor. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {95}, + pages = {697-704}, + abstract = {We investigate a classical analog of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) currently popular in + quantum electronics. We consider EIT for electron cyclotron waves + in finite-temperature plasma. We derive an expression for the + effective refractive index of an electromagnetic wave and study the + dispersion and absorption of this wave under EIT conditions. + Allowance for thermal motion is shown to radically change the + behavior of the dispersion curves for the signal wave in the EIT + region compared to the case of cold plasma. (C) 2002 MAIK + "Nauka/Interperiodica". + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ThanopulosS02, + author = {Thanopulos, I. and Shapiro, M.}, + title = {Slowing down of light by laser induced barrier + hopping}, + journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {117}, + pages = {8404-8411}, + abstract = {We suggest that a very significant reduction in the + group velocity of light occurs in a laser induced barrier-hopping + process, known as "Laser Catalysis.'' In this process a system is + made to hop over a potential barrier via a virtual transition to an + excited bound state. As in electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT), the light absorption is predicted to dip to zero at a + certain frequency, thereby also changing the refractive index, + inducing in turn the slowing down of the group velocity of the + light. In contrast to EIT, a single pulse is predicted to induce + its own transparency and in contrast to self-induced transparency + the process is predicted to be insensitive to the pulse area (as + long as the pulse is intense enough to meet the adiabaticity + criterion). Thus, the medium becomes transparent to the light, as + the laser induced barrierhopping process brings about a + fundamental change in the medium. (C) 2002 American Institute of + Physics. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AhufingerCCBMF02, + author = {Ahufinger, V. and Corbalan, R. and Cataliotti, F. and + Burger, S. and Minardi, F. and Fort, C.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in a + Bose-Einstein condensate}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {211}, + pages = {159-165}, + abstract = {We report on the direct observation of the + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) lineshape of cold + Rb-87 atoms above and below the transition temperature for + Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Similar results are observed in + both temperature regimes, with an absorption reduction of about + 60\%. Good agreement with a theoretical model is discussed. (C) + 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + + +@ARTICLE{MewesF02, + author = {Mewes, C. and Fleischhauer, M.}, + title = {Two-photon linewidth of light "stopping" via + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {033820}, + abstract = {We analyze the two-photon linewidth of a recently + proposed adiabatic transfer technique for "stopping" of light using + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that a + successful and reliable transfer of excitation from light to atoms + and back can be achieved if the spectrum of the input probe pulse + lies within the initial transparency window of EIT, and the + two-photon detuning delta is less than the collective coupling + strength (collective vacuum Rabi frequency) grootN divided by + rootgammaT, with gamma being the radiative decay rate, N being the + effective number of atoms in the sample, and T being the pulse + duration. Hence in an optically thick medium light "storage" and + retrieval is possible with high fidelity even for systems with + rather large two-photon detuning or inhomogeneous broadening. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LiNS02, + author = {Li, Y. F. and Niu, Y. P. and Sun, J. F.}, + title = {The effect of resonant four-wave-mixing on + electromagnetically induced transparency in Lambda-type system + employing a twophoton field}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {301}, + pages = {195-202}, + abstract = {Four-wave-mixing has been considered in a A-type + system to make clear the asymmetry occurred in EIT profile which + had been realized experimentally in Phys. Rev. A 52 (1995) 2302. We + present both analytical and numerical calculation to explain the + reason. In the case of Doppler-free for the two-photon probe field, + why EIT dip was not detected is also been demonstrated. (C) 2002 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ShvetsW02, + author = {Shvets, G. and Wurtele, J. S.}, + title = {Transparency of magnetized plasma at the cyclotron + frequency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {89}, + pages = {115003}, + abstract = {Electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbed by a + magnetized plasma if the radiation frequency equals the cyclotron + frequency of plasma electrons. It is demonstrated that absorption + can be completely canceled in the presence of a magnetostatic field + of an undulator, or a second radiation beam, resulting in plasma + transparency at the cyclotron frequency. This effect is reminiscent + of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of + three-level atomic systems, except that it occurs in a completely + classical plasma. Unlike the atomic systems, where all the excited + levels required for EIT exist in each atom, this classical EIT + requires the excitation of nonlocal plasma oscillation. A + Lagrangian description was used to elucidate the physics of the + plasma transparency and control of group and phase velocity. This + control leads to applications for electromagnetic pulse compression + and electron/ion acceleration. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{JavanKLS02, + author = {Javan, A. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Lee, H. and + Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Narrowing of electromagnetically induced transparency + resonance in a Doppler-broadened medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {013805}, + abstract = {We derive an analytic expression for the linewidth of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance in a + Doppler-broadened system. It is shown here that for relatively low + intensity of the driving field the EIT linewidth is proportional to + the square root of intensity and is independent of the Doppler + width, similar to the laser-induced line narrowing effect described + by Feld and Javan. In the limit of high intensity we recover the + usual power-broadening case where the EIT linewidth is proportional + to the intensity and inversely proportional to the Doppler width. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DengHKAP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and + Akamatsu, D. and Payne, M. G.}, + title = {Achieving very-low-loss group velocity reduction + without electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {81}, + pages = {1168-1170}, + abstract = {A Raman method is studied experimentally for potential + opticalwave group velocity reduction in resonant medium. + Specifically, we show that the proposed method can achieve + significant group velocity reduction comparable to the conventional + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) method that had been + exclusively used to date. In addition, we show that this method has + a significantly lower loss compared to the EIT method, and has rich + dynamics such as probe pulse narrowing. Such features have + applications in the domain of telecommunication technology. (C) + 2002 American Institute of Physics. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ArtoniBCL02, + author = {Artoni, M. and Bassani, F. and Carusotto, I. and La + Rocca, G. C.}, + title = {The regime of electromagnetically induced transparency + in optically dense media: from atoms to excitons}, + journal = {Braz. J. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {32}, + pages = {275-283}, + abstract = {The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) was discovered by Adriano Gozzini and coworkers + in 1976 in Pisa. Novel schemes to investigate and exploit EIT in + the optical domain have attracted much interest both in atomic and + solid state systems. We discuss some of our recent theoretical + results, in particular: i) a well developed EIT regime based on + free exciton levels in undoped bulk crystalline Cu2O; ii) light + dragging effects in moving media under EIT; iii) the coherent + control of Cherenkov radiation in the EIT regime. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhaoWXZYJ02, + author = {Zhao, J. M. and Wang, L. R. and Xiao, L. T. and Zhao, + Y. T. and Yin, W. B. and Jia, S. T.}, + title = {Experimental measurement of absorption and dispersion + in V-type cesium atom}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {206}, + pages = {341-345}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is + observed in a three-level V-type system in cesium vapor at room + temperature. The absorption and dispersion properties are measured + under the condition that the coupling frequency is exactly + resonance with transition 6S(1,2) (F = 4) to 6P(3,2) (F' = 3) while + the probe frequency is scanned across the transitions from the + 6S(1,2) (F = 4) to all structures of the 6P(3,2). The effects of + detuning of the coupling beam are studied. The results of the + experiment agree with the simple theoretical analysis. (C) 2002 + Published by Elsevier Science B.V. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WuG02, + author = {Wu, J. H. and Gao, J. Y.}, + title = {Absorption properties of a driven Doppler-broadened + ladder system with hyperfine structure}, + journal = {Chin. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {11}, + pages = {572-577}, + abstract = {We have studied the absorption spectrum of a + Doppler-broadened ladder system, where the highest level is coupled + into two middle hyperfine sublevels by a strong coherent field. We + find that, when the system is considered as homogeneous, either two + or three spectral components are observed, depending on the + detuning of the coherent field. But when the velocity distribution + of atoms is considered, we can always observe one + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window with high + dispersion. So the atomic hyperfine structure cannot be an + impediment for obtaining FIT. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DengHKP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and Payne, + M. G.}, + title = {Optical-wave group-velocity reduction without + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {051805}, + abstract = {A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group-velocity + reduction in a pure lifetime broadened system is studied. We show + that this nonelectromagnetically induced transparency (NEIT) scheme + has many advantages over the conventional method that critically + relies on the transparency window created by an EIT process. + Significant reduction of the group velocity, probe field loss, and + pulse distortion are reported. In addition, rich dynamics of the + propagation process are studied. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{CardimonaH02, + author = {Cardimona, D. A. and Huang, D. H.}, + title = {Connection of off-diagonal radiative-decay coupling to + electromagnetically induced transparency and amplification without + inversion in a three-level atomic system}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {033828}, + abstract = {The equivalence between the off-diagonal + radiative-decay coupling (ODRDC) effect in the bare-atom picture of + a threelevel atomic system [see Cardimona et al., J. Phys. B 15, + 55 (1982)] and the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) + effect in the dressed-atom picture [see Imamoglu et al., Opt. Lett. + 14, 1344 (1989)] is uncovered and a full comparison of their + physical origins is given. The mechanism for both ODRDC and Harris' + EIT is found to be a consequence of the quantum interference + between a direct absorption path and an indirect absorption path + mediated by either a self absorption of spontaneous photons or a + Fano-type coupling. A connection is then pointed out between the + effects of probe-field gain (PFG) based on an ODRDC process [see + Huang et al., Phys. Rev. A 64, 013822 (2001)] and amplification + without inversion (AWI) [see Fearn et al., Opt. Commun. 87, 323 + (1992)] in the bare-atom picture of a three-level atomic system. + The PFG effect is found as a result of transferring electrons + between the two upper levels due to the phase-sensitive coherence + provided by a laser-induced ODRDC process, while the AWI effect to + one of the two probe fields is attributed to its coupling to a + strong laser field generating an off-resonant gain through an + induced nonlinearity in the other probe field. Both the advantages + and disadvantages as well as the limitations of the ODRDC, EIT, + PFG, and AWI effects are discussed and compared. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BadgerHA01, + author = {Badger, S. D. and Hughes, I. G. and Adams, C. S.}, + title = {Hyperfine effects in electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {34}, + pages = {L749-L756}, + abstract = {The role of hyperfine structure in electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) is investigated by studying the 5S(1/2)- + 5P(3/2)-5D(3/2,5/2) cascade system in Rb-85 and Rb-87. We show that + if the hyperfine splitting Delta(hfs) is larger than the Rabi + frequency of the coupling beam, Q, then the observed EIT spectra + can be modelled by adding terms corresponding to each hyperfine + state. However, in the strong-coupling limit, Omega(c) much greater + than Delta(hfs), a complete multilevel description is required. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AffolderbachKWTY02, + author = {Affolderbach, C. and Knappe, S. and Wynands, R. and + Taichenachev, A. V. and Yudin, V. I.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and + absorption in a standing wave}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {043810}, + abstract = {A thermal vapor of three-level atoms irradiated by two + copropagating laser beams of suitable frequencies exhibits the + phenomenon of coherent population trapping, leading to an + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). When a mirror + reflects the beams back onto themselves one finds that depending on + the position along the resulting standing wave the fluorescence + intensity from the sample (cesium in our case) decreases (EIT) or + even increases [electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA)] with + a period on the centimeter scale. An intuitive picture is based on + the interference of coherent dark states but the explanation of the + EIA effect requires consideration of Doppler effects in the thermal + vapor. This allows for a quantitative comparison between + experimental and calculated results. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{XuDJ02, + author = {Xu, H. L. and Dai, Z. W. and Jiang, Z. K.}, + title = {Effect of concentration of the Er3+ ion on + electromagnetically induced transparency in Er3+: YAG crystal}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {294}, + pages = {19-25}, + abstract = {We studied the effect of Er3+ concentration on + electromagnetically induced transparency in two types of three- + level schemes-the ladder and the A models in Er3+:YAG, The + numerical calculations show that, under the same intensities of the + probe and the coupling fields, the absorption and the dispersion + were dramatically changed with Er3+ concentration. (C) 2002 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LitvakT02, + author = {Litvak, A. G. and Tokman, M. D.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in ensembles + of classical oscillators}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {095003}, + abstract = {We develop a classical model of the parametric effect + of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) within the line + of resonance absorption of an electromagnetic wave in the medium-an + effect initially discovered for a quantum three-level system. On + the basis of this model, the EIT effect for electromagnetic waves + at frequencies of the electron-cyclotron resonance in a cold plasma + is considered. Similar to the analogous quantum scheme, the EIT + window in the classical model is characterized by group + deceleration of the reference electron-cyclotron wave. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SorokinG02, + author = {Sorokin, P. P. and Glownia, J. H.}, + title = {Lasers without inversion (LWI) in Space: A possible + explanation for intense, narrow-band, emissions that dominate the + visible and/or far-UV (FUV) spectra of certain astronomical + objects}, + journal = {Astron. Astrophys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {384}, + pages = {350-363}, + abstract = {The optical or far-UV (FUV) spectra of certain objects + in Space are completely dominated by one or two spectrally narrow + emission lines, strongly suggesting that laser action of some kind + occurs in these objects. However, the electronic level structures + of the atoms/ions producing these emissions preclude the + possibility of maintaining population inversions on the electronic + transitions involved. In lasers, gain is normally produced on an + optical transition that is inverted, i.e. one that has more atoms + maintained in the upper than in the lower state, so that stimulated + emission can exceed stimulated absorption. However, as a result of + discoveries made in quantum electronics over the past 30 years or + so, one now knows that there are several ways to make stimulated + emission occur on a transition that is not inverted, i.e. to + realize a "laser without inversion (LWI)". This requires first + making the atoms non-absorbing at the lasing frequency, i.e. + setting up a condition of "electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT)". Some recently developed EIT techniques for three-level + atoms are first reviewed. A simple model for a space LWI based upon + a gas of two-level atoms is then proposed. In this model, + transparency results from a form of EIT induced by the presence of + an intense, monochromatic, continuous-wave, laser beam tuned to the + frequency omega(o) of the two-level-atom transition. Amplification + of light at this same frequency occurs via resonant stimulated + hyper-Raman scattering (SHRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM), with + pumping energy provided by continuum starlight spectrally + overlapping the two outer absorption sidebands ("Mollow bands") + induced by the presence of the beam at omega(o). Two specific + examples of superintense line emission from Space are here + considered. These are (a) the H(alpha) emission line appearing as a + dominant singularity in certain reddened, early-type stars, and (b) + the powerful O VI (1032 Angstrom, 1038 Angstrom) emission doublet + that dominates the FUV emission spectra of symbiotic stars such as + RR Tel.} +} + +@ARTICLE{JuzeliunasC02, + author = {Juzeliunas, G. and Carmichael, H. J.}, + title = {Systematic formulation of slow polaritons in atomic + gases}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {021601}, + abstract = {We formulate a theory of slow polaritons in atomic + gases and apply it to the slowing down, storing, and redirecting of + laser pulses in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) + medium. The normal modes of the coupled matter and radiation are + determined through a full diagonalization of the dissipationless + Hamiltonian. Away from the EIT resonance, where the polaritons + acquire an excited-state contribution, lifetimes are introduced as + a secondary step. With detuning included various four-wave mixing + possibilities are analyzed. We investigate specifically the + possibility of reverting a stopped polariton by reversing the + control beam. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ValenteFL02, + author = {Valente, P. and Failache, H. and Lezama, A.}, + title = {Comparative study of the transient evolution of Hanle + electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption resonances}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {023814}, + abstract = {The temporal evolutions of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) were observed in a Hanle + absorption experiment carried on the D-2 lines Of Rb-87 vapor by + suddenly turning the magnetic field on or off. The main features of + the experimental observations are well reproduced by a theoretical + model based on Bloch equation where the atomic level degeneracy has + been fully accounted for. Similar (opposite phase) evolutions were + observed at low optical-field intensities for Hanle-EIT or + Hanle-EIA resonances. Unlike the Hanle-EIA transients that are + increasingly shorter for driving field intensities approaching + saturation, the B not equal 0 transient of the Hanle-EIT signal at + large driving field intensities present a long decay time + approaching the atomic transit time. Such counterintuitive behavior + is interpreted as a consequence of the Zeno effect.} +} + +@ARTICLE{LiSZW02, + author = {Li, Y. F. and Sun, J. F. and Zhang, X. Y. and Wang, Y. + C.}, + title = {Laser-induced double-dark resonances and + double-transparencies in a four-level system}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {202}, + pages = {97-102}, + abstract = {We study the generations of dark resonance and + electomagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effects in the + four-level system with two coherent fields coupling the transition + from upper level to a pair of ground levels and a lower excited + state. The quantum interference between two excited pathways + results in double-dark resonances and doubletransparency holes + with adjustable frequencies driven into the absorption spectrum in + the atomic system. A clear analytical explanation for our numerical + results is presented. It is shown that the relation of detunings of + two coherent fields plays an important role in the generations of + the coherent population trapping and EIT effects. (C) 20021 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangGX02, + author = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Xiao, M.}, + title = {Atomic coherence induced Kerr nonlinearity enhancement + in Rb vapour}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {335-347}, + abstract = {The Kerr nonlinear index of refraction for rubidium + atoms is measured by using an optical ring cavity with and without + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Significant + enhancement and inhibition of the Kerr nonlinear index is observed + near resonance with EIT. The nonlinear index of refraction is + measured as functions of probe and coupling frequency detunings, + respectively, with and without the presence of EIT. A simple + theoretical calculation including Doppler broadening is presented + and is found to be in good qualitative agreement with the + experimentally measured results.} +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoNW02, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Novikova, I. and Welch, G. R.}, + title = {Radiation trapping under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {367-378}, + abstract = {Reabsorption of spontaneously emitted photons, or + radiation trapping, is a process that occurs when light interacts + with optically thick media. It is shown, both theoretically and + experimentally, that this effect in optically thick atomic vapour + leads to a decrease in transmission of coherent laser radiation + propagating under conditions of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). A simple theory is developed taking into + account the radiation trapping, which is in a good agreement with + the experimental observations and exact numerical simulation. This + allows better understanding of the physics of EIT in general, and + properties of dense coherent atomic media in particular. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HussKW02, + author = {Huss, A. F. and Korsunsky, E. A. and Windholz, L.}, + title = {Phase control of electromagnetically induced + transparency in a double-Lambda system}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {141-155}, + abstract = {It is experimentally demonstrated that the effect of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be controlled + through the radiation phases. Corresponding investigations are + performed by exciting a sodium atomic vapour by four-frequency + laser radiation in a double-A configuration. In such a system the + nonabsorbing (dark) state, responsible for EIT, is created only for + particular values of the relative radiation phase. This phase + dependency is confirmed using three different methods of phase + control. Additionally, the relative phase is set at defined values + in order to adjust the medium to a fixed transmission behaviour. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangZ02, + author = {Wang, K. G. and Zhu, S. Y.}, + title = {Atomic storage states}, + journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {19}, + pages = {56-59}, + abstract = {We present a complete description of atomic storage + states which may appear in the electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). The result shows that the spatial coherence has + been included in the atomic collective operators and the atomic + storage states. In some limits, a set of multimode atomic storage + states has been established in correspondence with the multimode + Fock states of the electromagnetic field. This gives a better + understanding of the fact that, in EIT, the optical coherent + information can be preserved and recovered.} +} + +@ARTICLE{AlzarMN02, + author = {Alzar, C. L. G. and Martinez, M. A. G. and + Nussenzveig, P.}, + title = {Classical analog of electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Am. J. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {70}, + pages = {37-41}, + abstract = {We present a classical analog of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT). In a system of just two coupled + harmonic oscillators subject to a harmonic driving force, we + reproduce the phenomenology observed in EIT. We also describe a + simple experiment with two linearly coupled RLC circuits which can + be incorporated into an undergraduate laboratory. (C) 2002 American + Association of Physics Teachers. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhuL01, + author = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency due to + exciton-phonon interaction in an organic quantum well}, + journal = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {34}, + pages = {L679-L686}, + abstract = {Using the bosonic exciton approximation, we show that + there exists electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an + organic quantum well which includes the interaction of charge- + transfer excitons and phonons. The numerical results indicate that + the strong exciton-phonon interaction plays a key role in the + generation of the EIT. Without the exciton-phonon coupling, the EIT + will disappear immediately. Ultraslow light effects are also + discussed in this system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Kofman01, + author = {Kofman, A. G.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and evolution + of a two-level system under chaotic field of arbitrary intensity}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {17}, + pages = {153-165}, + abstract = {The electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) + with a (near-)resonant chaotic (amplitude-phase fluctuating, + GaussianMarkovian) coupling field is studied theoretically. The + Fourier transform of the steady-state EIT spectrum, which + determines a nonstationary probe absorption, is also considered. + This quantity equals the average diagonal element of the (reduced) + evolution operator of the coupled transition (the evolution + function). The exact solution in the form of a continued fraction + is obtained and used to perform numerical calculations. Moreover, a + number of approximate analytical results are obtained, which, + together with the results of previous publications, describe the + EIT and the evolution function in all possible regimes. In + particular, in the constructive-interference case the EIT increases + with the coupling-field bandwidth v at sufficiently small v. For a + strong field, the maximum of the transparency as a function of v is + less than that for a monochromatic field of the same average + intensity. In contrast, for a weak field, there is a range of v + values, where the field fluctuations do not affect the EIT. The + latter result is shown to hold for a broad class of stochastic + fields. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Windholz01, + author = {Windholz, L.}, + title = {Coherent population trapping in multi-level atomic + systems}, + journal = {Phys. Scr.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {T95}, + pages = {81-91}, + abstract = {Coherent population trapping (CPT) is treated in + multi-level systems, excited by twoor four-frequency laser light. + The dynamics of filling non-absorbing (dark) states is + investigated. In cases where all transitions involved are excited + (closed systems), the effect becomes dependent on the relative + phase of the light waves. Further electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) is described in three- and four- level systems + and used for effective side band generation.} +} + +@ARTICLE{BhatiaWS01, + author = {Bhatia, P. S. and Welch, G. R. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Laser amplification without population inversion on + the D-1 line of the Cs atom with semiconductor diode lasers}, + journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {18}, + pages = {1587-1596}, + abstract = {The importance of lasing without inversion (LWI) in + comparison with the use of nonlinear optical techniques and + techniques based on high-intensity femtosecond light pulses to + generate high-frequency coherent radiation is outlined, The + original development and utilization of an experimental facility + based on semiconductor diode lasers to study the fundamental + aspects of LWI on the D-1 line of the Cs atom, which is rarely + attempted, is described. This experimental facility is used to + observe inversionless amplification on the D-1 line of the Cs atom + by use of a A atomic scheme, A combination of EIT and broadband + pumping of atoms from the lower to the upper level of the probe + transition allowed the observation of the inversionless gain. + Justification for the absence of inversion in the probe transition + is provided. We report a single-pass inversionless gain of + approximate to 11\% with relatively weak incoherent pumping. The + results show improvement over the previously reported inversionless + gain observed in Na, Rb, and Cs, illustrating the potential + advantage of using the D-1 line of Cs. (C) 2001 Optical Society of + America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ChenLCSY01, + author = {Chen, C. Y. and Liao, Y. A. and Chiu, H. Y. and Su, J. + J. and Yu, I. A.}, + title = {Observation of the quantum interference phenomenon + induced by interacting dark resonances}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6405}, + pages = {053806}, + abstract = {We report an experimental observation of narrow and + highcontrast spectra. which are induced by interacting dark + resonances and have been predicted in Phys. Rev. A 60, 3225 (1999). + Spectra are measured with cold Rb-87 atoms produced by a + magneto-optical trap. In this experimental system, a coupling laser + and a weak probe laser form a three-level Lambda -type + configuration of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT); a + microwave drives a magnetic-dipole transition between the fourth + level and the ground state that is coupled with the excited state + by the coupling laser. The observed spectral profile of probe + absorption exhibits a very sharp peak emerging inside a narrow EIT + dip. Such spectral feature provides more opportunities in + manipulating atomic-optical response.} +} + +@ARTICLE{OpatrnyW01, + author = {Opatrny, T. and Welsch, D. G.}, + title = {Cross phase modulation enhancement by coupled cavities + and electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Fortschritte Phys.-Prog. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {1065-1070}, + abstract = {We propose an optical double-cavity resonator whose + response to a signal is similar to that observed in + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). A combination of + such a device with a four-level EIT medium can serve for achieving + large crossKerr modulation of a probe field by a signal field. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Ichimura01, + author = {Ichimura, K.}, + title = {A simple frequency-domain quantum computer with ions + in a crystal coupled to a cavity mode}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {196}, + pages = {119-125}, + abstract = {A quantum computer where quantum bits (qubits) are + defined in frequency domain and interaction between qubits is + mediated by a single cavity mode is proposed. In this quantum + computer, qubits can be individually addressed regardless of their + positions. Therefore, randomly distributed systems in space can be + directly employed as qubits. An application of nuclear spins in + rare-earth ions in a crystal for the quantum computer is + quantitatively analyzed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights + reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{OpatrnyW01, + author = {Opatrny, T. and Welsch, D. G.}, + title = {Coupled cavities for enhancing the + cross-phase-modulation in electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6402}, + pages = {023805}, + abstract = {We propose an optical double-cavity resonator whose + response to a signal is similar to that of an electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) medium. A combination of such a device + with a four-level EIT medium can serve for achieving large cross- + Kerr modulation of a probe field by a signal field. This would + offer the possibility of building a quantum logic gate based on + photonic qubits. We discuss the technical requirements that are + necessary for realizing a probe-photon phase shift of pi caused by + a single-photon signal. The main difficulty is the requirement of + an ultralow reflectivity beam splitter, and we must be able to + operate a sufficiently dense cool EIT medium in a cavity. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ClarkevC01, + author = {Clarke, J. J. and van Wijngaarden, W. A. and Chen, H. + X.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency using a vapor + cell and a laser-cooled sample of cesium atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6402}, + pages = {023818}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was + observed in a mismatched-wavelength cascade system using a room + temperature vapor cell and laser-cooled atoms. A cw probe laser + beam monitored the cesium 6S(1/2)----6P(3/2) transition while + another cw laser coupled the 6P(3/2) state to a higher excited + state. The ratio of the observed Rabi frequencies for coupling to + the 6P(3/2)--> (11-13)D-3/2,(5/2) transitions agreed closely with + that predicted using the transition oscillator strengths. A + comparison of the EIT signals obtained using cold atoms and the + vapor cell is made. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KimKMPK01, + author = {Kim, K. and Kwon, M. and Moon, H. S. and Park, H. D. + and Kim, J. B.}, + title = {Measurements of normal and anomalous dispersions in + coherently driven Cs vapors}, + journal = {J. Korean Phys. Soc.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {38}, + pages = {666-669}, + abstract = {Negative and positive dispersions in transitions of + the C-S D-2 line have been measured by setting up a homodyne + Mach-Zehnder interferometer through a coherently driven atomic + system. Anomalous dispersion due to the electromagnetically induced + absorption (EIA) process and normal dispersion due to the + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process were dn/d v + similar or equal to -1.8 x 10-(14) Hz(-1) and 8.7 x 10- (14) + Hz(-1), which corresponded to a negative group velocity v(g) + similar or equal to -c/14 and a positive one v(g) similar or equal + to c/31, respectively. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{YanRZ01, + author = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in cold + atoms}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {26}, + pages = {548-550}, + abstract = {We report an experimental observation of third-order + nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in Rb-87 atoms cooled + and confined in a magneto-optic trap. A coupling laser creates + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a multilevel Rb + system in which the third-order nonlinear absorption is enhanced by + constructive quantum interference while the linear absorption is + inhibited by destructive interference. Our experiment demonstrates + the EIT system proposed by Harris and Yamamoto [Phys. Rev. Lett. + 81, 3611 (1998)], which absorbs two photons but not one photon in + the dressed-state picture. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{McGloinFD01, + author = {McGloin, D. and Fulton, D. J. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in N-level + cascade schemes}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {190}, + pages = {221-229}, + abstract = {We examine electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in cascade schemes with N levels and N - 1 fields. We show + that transparency effects are present when N is odd and that + destruction of EIT is present on line centre when N is even. We + predict multiple dark resonances in such schemes due to multiphoton + EIT effects. By examining atomic rubidium we propose methods of + achieving such schemes by use of coupling rf fields into hyperfine + levels. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ArtoniCLB01, + author = {Artoni, M. and Carusotto, I. and La Rocca, G. C. and + Bassani, F.}, + title = {Fresnel light drag in a coherently driven moving + medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {86}, + pages = {2549-2552}, + abstract = {We theoretically study how the phase of a light plane + wave propagating in a resonant medium under electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) is affected by the uniform motion of the + medium. For cuprous oxide (Cu2O), where EIT can be implemented + through a typical pump-probe configuration, the resonant probe beam + experiences a phase shift (Fresnel-Fizeau effect) that may vary + over a wide range of values, positive or negative, and even + vanishing, due to the combined effects of the strong frequency + dispersion and anisotropy both induced by the pump. The use of such + a coherently driven dragging medium may improve by at least 1 order + of magnitude the sensitivity at low velocity in optical drag + experiments. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BenninkBSW01, + author = {Bennink, R. S. and Boyd, R. W. and Stroud, C. R. and + Wong, V.}, + title = {Enhanced self-action effects by electromagnetically + induced transparency in the two-level atom}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6303}, + pages = {033804}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has + been studied primarily within the context of multilevel atomic + systems. We show that EIT can occur also in a two-level atomic + system and can lead to strong self-action and slow-light effects + that are not hampered by material absorption, with important + potential implications for processes such as squeezed-light + generation and the propagation of optical solitons. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Kofman01, + author = {Kofman, A. G.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and evolution + of a two-level system under a strong chaotic field}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6303}, + pages = {033810}, + abstract = {The present paper treats the electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT), i.e., the absorption spectrum of a weak + probe field, near-resonant to a material transition, in the + presence of a strong amplitude-phase fluctuating field which + couples the upper level of the transition to another excited level. + The coupling field is assumed to be chaotic (i.e., a complex + Gaussian process with a Lorentzian spectrum) and so strong that the + material relaxation and the detuning can be neglected. In addition, + we consider the Fourier transform of the spectrum (U) over bar + (aa)(t), which determines absorption of a probe field with a + time-dependent intensity. The quantity (U) over bar (aa)(t) equals + a diagonal element of the average reduced evolution operator of the + two-level system (TLS), coupled by the strong field. As a starting + point, we use the stationary, partially averaged stochastic + Schrodinger equation, which has the form of a set of two + second-order differential equations. The theory is developed by + combining analytical and numerical approaches. For the most + important regime, when the rms Rabi frequency V-0 is much greater + than the coupling-held bandwidth nu, we obtain scaling relations + for the EIT line shape and the TLS evolution. In particular, the + absorption at the minimum (i.e., at the resonance frequency) scales + as nu V1/3(0)-4/3, whereas the evolution function (U) over bar + (aa)(t) performs damped oscillations with the decay rate on the + order of (V(0)(2)nu)(1/3). These results differ significantly from + those following from the uncorrelated-jump model. The results of + this paper are shown to be applicable to more general models of + amplitude-phase fluctuations than the Gaussian-Markovian chaotic + field. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KocharovskayaRS01, + author = {Kocharovskaya, O. and Rostovtsev, Y. and Scully, M. + O.}, + title = {Stopping light via hot atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {86}, + pages = {628-631}, + abstract = {We prove that it is possible to freeze a light pulse + (i.e., to bring it to a full stop) or even to make its group + velocity negative in a coherently driven Doppler broadened atomic + medium via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This + remarkable phenomenon of the ultraslow EIT polariton is based on + the spatial dispersion of the refraction index n(w,k), i.e., its + wave number dependence, which is due to atomic motion and provides + a negative contribution to the group velocity. This is related to, + but qualitatively different from, the recently observed light + slowing caused by large temporal (frequency) dispersion. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ScullyAKKM01, + author = {Scully, M. O. and Agarwal, G. S. and Kocharovskaya, O. + and Kozlov, V. V. and Matsko, A. B.}, + title = {Mixed electromagnetically and self-induced + transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Express}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {8}, + pages = {66-75}, + abstract = {We show that application of self-induced transparency + (SIT) solitons as a driving field in V-type electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) leads to "mixed induced transparency" + (MIT) that nicely combines the best features of both SIT and EIT. + (C) 2001 Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{WangGBX00, + author = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Burkett, W. H. and + Xiao, M.}, + title = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing by means of + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {25}, + pages = {1732-1734}, + abstract = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing in a ring cavity that is + due to the high dispersion and reduced absorption produced by + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in rubidium-atom + vapor has been experimentally observed. The cavity linewidth with + rubidium atoms under EIT conditions can be significantly narrowed. + Cavity-linewidth narrowing was measured as a function of coupling + beam power. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{KosachiovK00, + author = {Kosachiov, D. V. and Korsunsky, E. A.}, + title = {Efficient microwave-induced optical frequency + conversion}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {11}, + pages = {457-463}, + abstract = {Frequency conversion process is studied in a medium of + atoms with a Lambda configuration of levels, where transition + between two lower states is driven by a microwave field. In this + system, conversion efficiency can be very high by virtue of the + effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Depending + on intensity of the microwave field, two regimes of EIT are + realized: "dark-state" EIT for the weak field, and + Autler-Townes-type EIT for the strong one. We study both cases via + analytical and numerical solution and find optimum conditions for + the conversion. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GordonMJ00, + author = {Gordon, D. F. and Mori, W. B. and Joshi, C.}, + title = {On the possibility of electromagnetically induced + transparency in a plasma. I. Infinite plasma}, + journal = {Phys. Plasmas}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {7}, + pages = {3145-3155}, + abstract = {The theory of electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in a plasma [S. E. Harris, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5357 (1996)] + is examined in the context of an infinite system. A new dispersion + relation is derived which accounts for relativistic effects in an + overdense plasma. Several branches of the dispersion relation are + plotted and discussed. Particle simulations are used to confirm the + findings. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. + [S1070-664X(00)00407-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GordonMJ00, + author = {Gordon, D. F. and Mori, W. B. and Joshi, C.}, + title = {On the possibility of electromagnetically induced + transparency in a plasma. II. Bounded plasma}, + journal = {Phys. Plasmas}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {7}, + pages = {3156-3166}, + abstract = {The theory of electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in a plasma [S. E. Harris, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5357 (1996)] + is examined in the context of a bounded system. It is found via + particle simulations that an overdense plasma slab reflects short + pulses even in the presence of an EIT passband. However, a + two-frequency laser, or "beatwave," will cascade into a Stokes + satellite with a frequency below the cut-off frequency. This can + lead to an apparent EIT signature if a specific set of parameters + are chosen. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. + [S1070-664X(00)00507-3]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerMS00, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Matsko, A. B. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Quantum limit of optical magnetometry in the presence + of ac Stark shifts}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6201}, + pages = {013808}, + abstract = {We analyze systematic (classical) and fundamental + (quantum) limitations of the sensitivity of optical magnetometers + resulting from ac Stark shifts. We show that in contrast to + absorption-based techniques, the signal reduction associated with + classical broadening can be compensated in magnetometers based on + phase measurements using electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT). However due to ac Stark-associated quantum noise the + signal-to-noise ratio of FIT-based magnetometers attains a maximum + value at a certain laser intensity. This value is independent on + the quantum statistics of the light and defines a standard quantum + limit of sensitivity. We demonstrate that an EIT-based optical + magnetometer in Faraday configuration is the best candidate to + achieve the highest sensitivity of magnetic-field detection and + give a detailed analysis of such a device. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KozlovE00, + author = {Kozlov, V. V. and Eberly, J. H.}, + title = {Ultrashort pulses in phaseonium: the interplay between + SIT and EIT}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {179}, + pages = {85-96}, + abstract = {Pulse propagation in the pure-state three-level medium + called phaseonium by Marlan Scully is studied both analytically and + numerically. Distinctions between SIT-type pulses (e.g., simultons) + and EIT-type pulses are most naturally revealed by making use of + dark and bright dressed-state amplitudes. We show that EIT-type and + SIT-type pulses propagating in phaseonium are to be distinguished + by the type of population evolution that they induce. (C) 2000 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DormanKM00, + author = {Dorman, C. and Kucukkara, I. and Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Density dependent effects due to residual + susceptibilities in a four-wave mixing scheme with + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {180}, + pages = {263-270}, + abstract = {We have studied the generation of vacuum ultraviolet + radiation (at 123.6 nm) produced in a resonant four-wave-mixing + scheme in krypton, enhanced by electromagnetically induced + transparency. The interplay between the non-linear susceptibility + (governing the wave-mixing), the linear susceptibility (governing + the absorption and dispersion), and the density-length product was + examined both experimentally and numerically. We observe favourable + scaling of the yield with density-length product (NL) up to a value + of 5 X 10(16) cm(-2). Above this NL value the yield decreases due + to the background wave-vector mismatch (Delta k(resid)), which + arises from the additional atomic energy levels outside the three + considered in the EIT enhanced mixing scheme. Our results suggest + that further enhancements in frequency up-conversion can be + achieved by employing a buffer gas as a phase matching agent. (C) + 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtR00, + author = {Schmidt, H. and Ram, R. J.}, + title = {All-optical wavelength converter and switch based on + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {76}, + pages = {3173-3175}, + abstract = {We propose a method for all-optical switching and + wavelength conversion using electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). We discuss the mechanism for the transfer of + information in this scheme and determine the conditions for which + NxN wavelength conversion can be realized. We compare the + properties and limits of an EIT-based switch to conventional + wavelength converters. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. + [S0003-6951(00)03022-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ChenLY00, + author = {Chen, Y. C. and Lin, C. W. and Yu, I. A.}, + title = {Role of degenerate Zeeman levels in + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6105}, + pages = {053805}, + abstract = {We have observed various Lambda-type + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra in + laser-cooled Rb-87 atoms of different laser polarization + configurations. Unexpected profiles occur in the EIT spectra. We + have found the degenerate Zeeman sublevels are responsible for + these profiles. The experimental data are in good agreement with + the results from the theoretical calculation which takes into + account all the 13 Zeeman levels in the Lambda system. Our study + demonstrates that Zeeman sublevels play important roles in quantum + interference phenomena such as EIT and amplification without + population inversion (AWI), and should be taken into account in the + analysis of these phenomena. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{EntinRBB00, + author = {Entin, V. M. and Ryabtsev, I. I. and Boguslavskii, A. + E. and Beterov, I. M.}, + title = {Experimental implementation of a four-level N-type + scheme for the observation of electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Jetp Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {71}, + pages = {175-177}, + abstract = {A nondegenerate four-level N-type scheme was + experimentally implemented to observe electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) at the Rb-87 D-2 line. Radiations of two + independent external-cavity semiconductor lasers were used in the + experiment, the current of one of them being modulated at a + frequency equal to the hyperfine-splitting frequency of the excited + 5P(3/2) level. In this case, apart from the main EIT dip + corresponding to the two-photon Raman resonance in a threelevel + Lambda-scheme, additional dips detuned from the main dip by a + frequency equal to the frequency of the HF generator were observed + in the absorption spectrum. These dips were due to an increase in + the medium transparency at frequencies corresponding to the + three-photon Raman resonances in four- level N-type schemes. The + resonance shapes are analyzed as functions of generator frequency + and magnetic field. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica". + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PodshivalovMOSW99, + author = {Podshivalov, A. A. and Matveev, O. I. and Omenetto, N. + and Smith, B. W. and Winefordner, J. D.}, + title = {Laser-induced population depletion effects in double + resonance excitation with Hg-202 vapors}, + journal = {Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {54}, + pages = {2157-2165}, + abstract = {By monitoring the green fluorescence transition of + mercury vapor 7 S-3(1) --> 6 P-3(2)0 (546.074 nm) excited by two + pulsed dye lasers tuned at two connected atomic resonant + frequencies, i.e. 6 S-1(0) --> 6 P-3(1)0 (253.652 nm) and 6 P-3(1)0 + --> 7 S3(1) (435.835 nm), a decrease in the green fluorescence + yield is experimentally observed when the intensity of the + 435.835-nm excitation transition exceeds similar to 5 kW/cm(2). A + similar result is obtained at the yellow fluorescence transition 6 + D- 3(1) --> 6 P-1(1)0 (578.967 nm) when the second step is tuned to + the 6 P-3(1)0 --> 6 D-3(1) transition (313.159 nm). At the same + time, an increase in the transmittance of the ground state + transition (253.652 nm) is observed. It is speculated that this + effect, which occurs only when both laser pulses are temporally + coincident, and is therefore not due to photoionization, can be + ascribed to the existence of laser induced effects, such as a.c. + Stark splitting of levels and possibly electromagnetically-induced + transparency (EIT). Our experiment does not allow us to distinguish + between these two effects, nor their quantitative evaluation, + However, it is stressed that one cannot overlook them in those + atomic multi-step excitation experiments in low collisional + environments where a depletion of an intermediate level is + involved, as for example in the case of atomic fluorescence: dip + spectroscopy or atomic multistep and multiphoton resonance + ionization spectroscopy. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science + B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BentleyLL00, + author = {Bentley, C. L. and Liu, J. R. and Liao, Y.}, + title = {Cavity electromagnetically induced transparency of + driventhree-level atoms: A transparent window narrowing below a + natural width}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6102}, + pages = {023811}, + abstract = {Steady-state dynamics of a Lambda atom in a ring + cavity driven by two coherent fields are studied for arbitrary + detunings, arbitrary incoherent pumping, and coherent driving + intensities. Effects of both cavity and effective atom number on + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) are pointed out. New + physical pictures for cavity EIT are given in terms of collective + cooperative coefficients and dispersion experienced by the probe. + In the regime of smaller collective cooperative coefficients, an + absorption-gain profile is reduced to that of a general EIT + estimated by the imaginary part of a corresponding dipole moment, + and its transparency window is directly proportional to power + broadening, if the total Rabi frequency is large enough. But in the + region of larger collective cooperative coefficients which means a + dense atomic medium, longer optical path, or high-Q cavity, EIT is + determined not only by the imaginary part but also by the real part + of the corresponding dipole moment, which results in the + possibility of observing an EIT central peak with a subnatural + width, while there may be nearly no power broadening.} +} + +@ARTICLE{WernerI00, + author = {Werner, M. J. and Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Photon-photon interactions in cavity + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6001}, + pages = {011801}, + abstract = {Dissipation-free photon-photon interaction at the + single-photon level is studied in the context of cavity + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). For a single + multilevel atom exhibiting EIT in the strong cavity-coupling + regime, the anharmonicity of the atom-cavity system has an upper + bound determined by single atom-photon coupling strength. A photon + blockade effect is inferred to occur for both singleand multiatom + cases from the behavior of transition rates between dressed states + of the system. Numerical calculations of the second-order coherence + function indicate that photon antibunching in both single- and + two-atom cases are strong and comparable. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DongG00, + author = {Dong, P. and Gao, J. Y.}, + title = {Appearance and disappearance of hole-burning behind an + electromagnetically induced transparency window}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {265}, + pages = {52-57}, + abstract = {We propose a new scheme of hole-burning when a strong + coherent field, which makes an Electromagnetically Induced + Transparency (EIT) window, could make more or disappearance of + hole-burning in a Doppler broadening medium under different + conditions. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. ALI rights + reserved.} +} + +@ARTICLE{BentleyL99, + author = {Bentley, C. L. and Liu, J. R.}, + title = {LWI in a driven Lambda three-level atom and effects of + the probe laser on EIT}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {169}, + pages = {289-299}, + abstract = {Steady-state dynamics of a Lambda atom driven by two + coherent fields is studied for arbitrary detunings, arbitrary + incoherent pumping and coherent driving intensities. Effects of a + strong probe on EIT are worked out. Features of EFT and LWI are + presented in a new physical picture on the basis of the concepts of + quantum interference and coherence. In the weak field regime, an + absorption-gain profile is the subtraction of two Lorentzians with + the same central frequency but different widths and heights. This + case is mostly the result of quantum interference and coherence + rather than the result of AutlerTownes level splitting. In a + strong field regime, however, the profile is the addition of two + Lorentzian-like components with different central frequencies but + the same width, where Autler- Townes splitting and quantum + interference are equally important. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier + Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WeiM99, + author = {Wei, C. J. and Manson, N. B.}, + title = {Observation of the dynamic Stark effect on + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {60}, + pages = {2540-2546}, + abstract = {Using electron-spin-resonance transitions within the + nitrogenvacancy center in diamond, we have obtained a sharp + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) feature when the + coupling and probing fields satisfy a two-photon resonance + condition. In this paper it is shown that by the application of an + additional driving field the sharp EIT feature can be split into a + doublet or a triplet depending on the experimental configuration. + The results are interpreted in terms of dynamic Stark splitting of + the EIT feature, and the spectra are shown to be related to + Autler-Townes and Mellow spectra. [S1050- 2947(99)10209-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MoonKKK99, + author = {Moon, H. S. and Kim, H. A. and Kim, B. S. and Kim, J. + B.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in an ideal + threelevel system in Rb-87 atoms}, + journal = {J. Korean Phys. Soc.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {35}, + pages = {207-211}, + abstract = {We have suggested an ideal three-level system, which + is the transition between the magnetic F = 1 and F' = 1 sublevels + in the Rb-87 atom, for studying atomic coherence, and we have + studied the electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) in that + system. With two counter-rotating circularly polarized lasers, + Doppler-free absorption reduction in an ideal R-type three-level + atomic system is observed up to 95 \%, including optical pumping. + After adding an incoherent repumping beam from F = 2 to F = 1 + through F' = 2, the maximum absorption reduction is approximately + the same as 95 \%. In a magnetic field, EIT shows dispersion-like + spectrum because of the detuning effect of the coupling laser due + to Zeeman splitting of the magnetic sublevels. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WeiM99, + author = {Wei, C. J. and Manson, N. B.}, + title = {Observation of electromagnetically induced + transparency within an electron spin resonance transition}, + journal = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {1}, + pages = {464-468}, + abstract = {A sharp transparency feature is induced in an allowed + electron spin resonance (ESR) transition by driving a nominally + spinforbidden transition. The width of the feature is narrower + than the homogeneous linewidth of the ESR transition and is + interpreted as being associated with electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). Measurements are made for the nitrogen-vacancy + centre in diamond and the signals are detected using a coherent + optical technique. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HamHKS99, + author = {Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R. and Kim, M. K. and + Shahriar, S. M.}, + title = {Quantum interference and its potential applications in + a spectral hole-burning solid}, + journal = {Laser Phys.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {788-796}, + abstract = {We have reviewed observations of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) in solids and its potential applications + such as enhanced four-wave mixing, Raman excited optical memory, + and rf-coupled optical gain. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtNCMGI99, + author = {Schmidt, H. and Nikonov, D. E. and Campman, K. L. and + Maranowski, K. D. and Gossard, A. C. and Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Quantum interference in semiconductor quantum wells}, + journal = {Laser Phys.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {797-812}, + abstract = {We present a review of theoretical and experimental + evidence for quantum interference in intersubband transitions of + coupled semiconductor quantum wells. Intersubband absorption + spectra are calculated using semiconductor Bloch equations to + include the Coulomb interaction between the conduction band + electrons. We demonstrate that the absorption spectra must be + viewed as collective excitations. In a configuration analogous to + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic systems, + we show that quantum interference occurs between the levels of + these collective intersubband excitations rather than single + electronic states. Experiments which demonstrate quantum + interference in coupled quantum wells due to tunneling induced + transparency (TIT) are presented. The design issues for such + samples are reviewed, and the effects of monolayer growth + fluctuations on the spectra are simulated. Finally, we discuss the + temperature dependence of TIT and demonstrate that the quantum + interference persists at room temperature. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BoonZMD99, + author = {Boon, J. R. and Zekou, E. and McGloin, D. and Dunn, M. + H.}, + title = {Comparison of wavelength dependence in cascade-, + Lambda-, and Vee-type schemes for electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {4675-4684}, + abstract = {We present a theoretical study of the effects of + mismatching wavelengths for the coupling and probe fields in + Dopplerbroadened media for the three basic energy level + configurations commonly used to realize electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). Three wavelength regimes are considered: + mismatched wavelengths for which the coupling frequency is greater + than the probe frequency, matched wavelengths for which the + coupling and probe frequencies are equal, and mismatched + wavelengths for which the probe frequency is greater than the + coupling frequency. The transparency that may be induced in these + regimes is compared for the cascade-, Lambda-, and Vee- type + systems. We show that in the first mismatched regime (lambda(c) < + lambda(p)) EIT is possible in all schemes and is in fact stronger + than in the matched case. It is also demonstrated that for the + second mismatched regime (lambda(c) > lambda(p)) EIT can be + realized most readily in the Vee-type configuration in the presence + of Doppler broadening. These predictions are explained by + considering the absorption as a function of both the probe field + detuning and the atomic velocity. [S1050-2947(99)01006-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MitsunagaI99, + author = {Mitsunaga, M. and Imoto, N.}, + title = {Observation of an electromagnetically induced grating + in cold sodium atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {4773-4776}, + abstract = {We have observed diffraction signals by a grating + originating from electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in + a threelevel Lambda system of cold sodium atoms. Theoretical and + experimental analyses of this phenomenon, called the + electromagnetically induced grating (EIG), have revealed that EIG + spectra exhibit background-free, Lorentzian signal profiles + regardless of the pump frequencies, making a clear contrast to the + case of ordinary EIT spectra. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SadeghiM99, + author = {Sadeghi, S. M. and Meyer, J.}, + title = {Two-field electromagnetically induced transparency and + switching between ultranarrow absorption and gain features in + rubidium atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {3998-4004}, + abstract = {We study the generation of an ultranarrow gain + spectrum in an atomic transition when the upper transition level is + coupled to the lower transition level by one laser and to a + metastable state by another laser. It is shown that this spectrum + switches abruptly into an ultranarrow absorption line with an + increase in the first laser intensity. These results are explained + by investigating the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) + in a system where the upper transition level is coupled to two + metastable states by two laser fields (ir; system). We discuss + various features of such a transparency and show how it can be + described as a structuring process, similar to the laser-induced + continuum structure. Utilizing such a description of EIT, we + explain the ultranarrow gain generation as a stimulated Rayleigh + scattering process. [S1050-2947(99)048052]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HamSH99, + author = {Ham, B. S. and Shahriar, S. M. and Hemmer, P. R.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency over spectral + holeburning temperature in a rare-earth-doped solid}, + journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {16}, + pages = {801-804}, + abstract = {We have observed electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in rare-earth Pr3+-doped Y2SiO5 over the + spectral hole-burning temperature. The transmission of the probe + laser beam is increased by a factor of exp(1.4) at 12 K when a + coupling laser of 1.2 kW/cm(2) is applied to the system. The + observation of EIT over the spectral hole-burning temperature in a + rare-earthdoped solid represents important progress toward + high-density echo-based optical memories at higher temperatures. + (C) 1999 Optical Society of America [S0740-3224(99)01605-7]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Kofman99, + author = {Kofman, A. G.}, + title = {Intensity-fluctuation-induced spectral structure}, + journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {46}, + pages = {164-170}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with + chaotic field is considered for the constructive-interference case + (i.e.,when the material transition is much narrower than the + coupled one). The field intensity fluctuations are shown to induce + a narrow peak at the material frequency in addition to the familiar + Antler-Towns doublet. The dependence of the fluctuation-induced + peak on the field bandwidth nu is obtained analytically and + numerically. EIT is shown to increase with nu for sufficiently + small nu. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{TokarykZS99, + author = {Tokaryk, D. W. and Zhang, G. Z. and Stoicheff, B. P.}, + title = {Nonlinear optical generation in a hydrogen discharge}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {3116-3119}, + abstract = {Sum-frequency generation with electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) has been examined in a hydrogen + discharge. EIT is demonstrated in the 3p-1s and 4p-1s transitions + at 102.6 and 97.3 nln, respectively, with increased efficiency of + generation arising from higher H-atom density, although competing + effects due to the presence of Hz distort the line shapes of these + spectra. Only for shorter-wavelength transitions (such as 7p-1s and + 8p-1s) that show very large shifts and distortions is there a + decrease in intensity in comparison with generated radiation from H + atoms external to the discharge. [S1050-2917(99)01404-3]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KorsunskyLHBW99, + author = {Korsunsky, E. A. and Leinfellner, N. and Huss, A. and + Baluschev, S. and Windholz, L.}, + title = {Phase-dependent electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {2302-2305}, + abstract = {We report on the experimental demonstration of + phase-dependent electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). + This effect is based on a quantum interference in closed-loop + schemes of interaction of atoms with the radiation. It allows us to + control optical properties of the medium by the phases of the laser + fields. We discuss some of the possible applications of + phase-dependent EIT. [S1050-2947(99)01003-3]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Fleischhauer99, + author = {Fleischhauer, M.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and + coherent-state preparation in optically thick media}, + journal = {Opt. Express}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {4}, + pages = {107-112}, + abstract = {The preparation of an optically dense ensemble of + three-level systems in dark states of the interaction with coherent + radiation is discussed. It is shown that methods involving + spontaneous emissions of photons such as Raman optical pumping fail + to work beyond a critical density due to multiple scattering and + trapping of these photons and the associated decay of the dark + state(s). In optically thick media coherentstate preparation is + only possible by entirely coherent means such as stimulated Raman + adiabatic passage (STIRAP). It is shown that STIRAP is the + underlying physical mechanism for electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). (C) 1998 Optical Society of America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{IchimuraYG98, + author = {Ichimura, K. and Yamamoto, K. and Gemma, N.}, + title = {Evidence for electromagnetically induced transparency + in a solid medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {58}, + pages = {4116-4120}, + abstract = {Strong evidence indicating the occurrence of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a solid medium + was found. Fluorescence reduction due to Err was observed in + solids. The excitation intensity dependence of the fluorescence + reduction was found to be consistent with theoretical predictions + for EIT. It was experimentally demonstrated that the essential + condition for the observation of EIT in solids is that the Rabi + frequency of excitation must be larger than the inhomogeneous width + of the transition between the two states coupled to the third state + by the pair of optical fields. [S1050-2947(98)00311-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DormanM98, + author = {Dorman, C. and Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Resonant sum-difference frequency mixing enhanced by + electromagnetically induced transparency in krypton}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {58}, + pages = {4121-4132}, + abstract = {We report experiments that investigate the generation + of coherent VUV radiation at 123.6 nm via a resonant sum- + difference frequency mixing scheme in Kr. One of the mixing fields + at 212.55 nm was in two-photon resonance with the transition + between the 4p(6) S-1 ground state and the 4p(5) 5p[0,1/2] excited + state (94 093.7 cm(-1)). The second field (the coupling field) at + 759 nm was in single-photon resonance with the transition between + the 4p(5) 5p[0,1/2] state and the 4p(5) 5s[1,1/2] state at 80 917.6 + cm(-1). The presence of the coupling field leads to + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) at the wavelength of + the generated field, 123.6 nm. This is predicted to enhance the + four-wave-mixing efficiency by a large factor. We have studied the + dependence of the four-wave mixing process on the detuning and + strength of the coupling field. The efficiency for four-wave mixing + was found to be enhanced by a significant factor (>5) by the EIT + effect when the resonant coupling field strength exceeded about + half the Doppler width (0.1 cm(-1)). A calculation for + monochromatic fields and a uniform slab of gas provided qualitative + agreement with the results of experiment. The relative conversion + efficiency for this resonant mixing scheme is found to be 10(4) + times greater than that for a similar scheme where the coupling + laser is tuned far (1270 cm(-1)) off resonance. A substantial part + of this resonant enhancement can thus be attributed to the EIT + effect. [S1050-2947(98)00511-3].} +} + +@ARTICLE{YamamotoIG98, + author = {Yamamoto, K. and Ichimura, K. and Gemma, N.}, + title = {Enhanced and reduced absorptions via quantum + interference: Solid system driven by a rf field}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {58}, + pages = {2460-2466}, + abstract = {We observed quantum interference effects in + steady-state optical absorption in a V-type three-level system of + Pr3+:YAlO3 where a hyperfine transition between two upper levels + was homogeneously broadened by pure dephasing. This V-type system + was excited by a single driving radio-frequency (rf) field and two + probe laser fields (quantum-beat scheme). The probe absorption was + constructively or destructively affected by the phase of the + driving rf field. In contrast, under two-laser excitation without + application of the rf, no absorption change due to + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was observed. A + comparison of observations and theoretical predictions revealed + that the quantum-beat scheme generates quantum interference even + when the dephasing rate between the two upper levels is comparable + with the Rabi frequency of the probe laser, and completely destroys + EIT. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ChenDMV98, + author = {Chen, H. X. and Durrant, A. V. and Marangos, J. P. and + Vaccaro, J. A.}, + title = {Observation of transient electromagnetically induced + transparency in a rubidium Lambda system}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {58}, + pages = {1545-1548}, + abstract = {Observation of transient effects in + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in Rb-85 + cooled in a magnetooptical trap. The transmission of a weak probe + beam in resonance with the 5S(1/2)(F=3) to 5P(3/2)(F=3) hyperfine + transition increased transiently when a relatively strong coupling + field in resonance with the 5S(1/2)(F=2) to 5P(3/2)(F=3) hyperfine + transition was switched on rapidly using a Pockels cell. The probe + transient showed an initial Rabi half-cycle overshoot before + settling down to steady-state EIT. The results agreed well with + computations using a three-state model of the Lambda system. The + computations also suggest that transient gain should be observed + with coupling field power only four times larger than that + presently available to us. [S1050-2947(98)03308-3]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtI98, + author = {Schmidt, H. and Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {High-speed properties of a phase-modulation scheme + based on electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {23}, + pages = {1007-1009}, + abstract = {Recently a cross-phase modulation scheme that yields + giant Kerr nonlinearities by use of an electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) was proposed [Schmidt and Imamoglu, Opt. Lett. + 21, 1936 (1996)]. We analyze the high-speed properties of this + scheme for short-pulse propagation. the high-speed properties of + this scheme for short-pulse propagation. system and show that for + short pulses one-photon losses are dominant. We demonstrate that + over the entire width the attainable phase shift in an EIT scheme + with a quasi-cm coupling field is orders of magnitude higher than + in a conventional three-level scheme or in EIT schemes, in which + matched pulses are used to create the transparency. (C) 1998 + Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{LeeS98, + author = {Lee, H. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {The physics of EIT and LWI in V-type configurations}, + journal = {Found. Phys.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {28}, + pages = {585-600}, + abstract = {We review the concepts and the physics behind + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and lasing without + inversion (LWI) for various models of the V-type configurations. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BaluschevLKW98, + author = {Baluschev, S. and Leinfellner, N. and Korsunsky, E. A. + and Windholz, L.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in a sodium + vapour cell}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {2}, + pages = {5-10}, + abstract = {The report on an investigation of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) in sodium vapour. In our experiment, + sodium atoms are excited on the D-1-line with laser radiation + containing two components with a frequency difference close to that + of the two hyperfine ground states of sodium (1.772 GHz). Such an + excitation leads to coherent trapping of atomic population in + "dark" superpositional states, which dramatically reduces the + absorption of light. A frequency transparency window is measured to + have a subnatural width, which is a clear indication of coherent + population trapping. Dependence of EIT on laser frequencies and + intensities, on the magnetic field strength as well as on the + temperature of the sodium vapour is studied. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DormanMP98, + author = {Dorman, C. and Marangos, J. P. and Petch, J. C.}, + title = {Investigation of vacuum ultraviolet generation in a + resonant four-wave mixing scheme in krypton with + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {1123-1135}, + abstract = {We report experiments investigating a resonant + sum-difference frequency mixing scheme in krypton producing + coherent radiation at 123.6 nm (i.e. in the vacuum ultraviolet + (VUV)). Owing to the resonant nature of this scheme, + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) plays a crucial role + in the generation of this coherent radiation, resulting in a + greatly enhanced conversion efficiency. This is the first time a + resonant sumdifference mixing scheme involving EIT, that + generates VUV radiation, has been investigated experimentally. Our + results are in broad agreement with theoretical predictions. + Measurements are presented of the dependence of VUV generation on + laser detuning (in the range +/-3 cm(-1)) and laser powers. In + particular the dependence on the coupling field strength has been + studied in the range of coupling held Rabi frequencies Omega(c) = + 0.05-3 cm(-1). We estimate an enhancement in the conversion + efficiency, compared with the non-resonant case, of greater than + 10(2). + } +} + +@ARTICLE{CroninWLF98, + author = {Cronin, A. D. and Warrington, R. B. and Lamoreaux, S. + K. and Fortson, E. N.}, + title = {Studies of electromagnetically induced transparency in + thallium vapor and possible utility for measuring atomic parity + nonconservation}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {80}, + pages = {3719-3722}, + abstract = {Motivated by the potential use of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) to measure atomic parity nonconservation + (PNC), we have studied EIT and associated optical rotation for a + three-level system in thallium vapor. EIT allows sub-Doppler + resolution of the 6P(1/2) --> 6P(3/2) mixed magnetic dipole, + electric quadrupole transition at 1.28 mu m when 0.535-mu m + radiation acts on the 6P(3/2) --> 7S(1/2) transition. Our + measurements include rotation due to electromagnetically induced + birefringence and Faraday rotation perturbed by EIT. We also + identify a new method for determining the amplitude ratio E2/M1 for + the 1.28-mu m transition. The possible advantages of an EIT + technique for measuring atomic PNC are discussed in the context of + our results. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KuhnSB98, + author = {Kuhn, A. and Steuerwald, S. and Bergmann, K.}, + title = {Coherent population transfer in NO with pulsed lasers: + the consequences of hyperfine structure, Doppler broadening and + electromagnetically induced absorption}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {1}, + pages = {57-70}, + abstract = {Coherent population transfer between vibrational + levels of the NO molecule induced by the interaction of two delayed + laser pulses, also referred to as stimulated Raman scattering + involving adiabatic passage (STIRAP), is studied experimentally in + a molecular beam and in the bulk. The consequences of hyperfine + splitting and Doppler broadening are discussed in detail. Unlike in + previous studies of this kind, transfer occurs simultaneously + between more than one group of non degenerate levels. In a + molecular beam or in the bulk, the transfer efficiency of STIRAP + exceeds that, obtained by Stimulated Emission Pumping (SEP) by a + factor of 3.6 or 15, respectively. We estimate the absolute + transfer efficiency T in the beam to be T approximate to 60\%, + while T approximate to 18\% is found in the bulk. In both cases: + this is 60\% of the maximum value expected from numerical studies. + Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Finally we + show that the absorption of a pump pulse in a weakly absorbing + medium is significantly enhanced by the presence of a copropagating + Stokes pulse when the Rabi frequency Omega s of the latter is + smaller than the width of the Doppler profile Delta nu(D). The + relation of this observation to the phenomenon of + Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT), which is observed + for Omega s >> Delta nu(D), is also discussed.} +} + +@ARTICLE{Marangos98, + author = {Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Topical review electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {471-503}, + abstract = {The subject of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) is reviewed in this paper. Emphasis is placed on + the experimental work reported in this field since 1990. + Theoretical work is also covered, although it is not intended to + review all the very numerous recent theoretical treatments on this + topic. The basic physical ideas behind EIT are elucidated. The + relation of EIT to other processes involving laser-induced atomic + coherence, such as coherent population trapping, coherent adiabatic + population transfer and lasing without inversion, is discussed. + Experimental work is described covering the following topics: EIT + with pulsed and continuouswave sources, lasing without inversion, + pulse propagation in a laser dressed medium and EIT in nonlinear + optical processes. A full set of references and a bibliography are + included.} +} + +@ARTICLE{LukinFSV98, + author = {Lukin, M. D. and Fleischhauer, M. and Scully, M. O. + and Velichansky, V. L.}, + title = {Intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {23}, + pages = {295-297}, + abstract = {The effect of intracavity electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) on the properties of optical resonators and + active laser devices is discussed theoretically. Pronounced + frequency pulling and cavity-linewidth narrowing are predicted. The + EIT effect can be used to reduce classical and quantumphase noise + of the beat note of an optical oscillator substantially. + Fundamental limits of this stabilization mechanism as well as its + potential application to high- resolution spectroscopy are + discussed. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{VaccaroDRHCH98, + author = {Vaccaro, J. A. and Durrant, A. V. and Richards, D. and + Hopkins, S. A. and Chen, H. X. and Hill, K. E.}, + title = {Stochastic wavefunction diagrams for + electromagnetically induced transparency, inversionless gain and + shelving}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {315-333}, + abstract = {A rigorous diagrammatic description of stochastic + wavefunction evolution for electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) and inversionless gain in coherently driven three-level + systems is developed and applied to transient and steady-state + conditions. Wavefunction trajectories are illustrated for cases + that include Lambda and V-type EIT, shelving and dressed-state + resonances. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ScullyBRZ97, + author = {Scully, M. O. and Bednar, C. J. and Rostovtsev, Y. and + Zhu, S. Y.}, + title = {Counter-counter-intuitive quantum coherence effects}, + journal = {Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. + Sci.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {355}, + pages = {2305-2311}, + abstract = {The study of an ensemble of phase-coherent atoms has + recently lead to interesting theoretical innovations and + experimental demonstrations of counter-intuitive effects such as + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), lasing without + inversion (LWI), enhancement of index of refraction and ultra- + large nonlinear susceptibility. In the present notes, we report a + couple of new effects along these lines. In fact, it would be fair + to call them surprises even in the repertoire of 'counter- + intuitive effects', i.e. 'counter-counter-intuitive effects'. + Specifically, we will show that the LWI concept, which is based on + quantum coherence, has an interesting counterpart in the classical + physics of free electron laser operation. In other current work, we + find that it is possible to 'lock' atoms in an excited state via + atomic coherence. It is, by now, not surprising that such a + phase-coherent ensemble can show holes or dark lines in the + emission spectrum. It is surprising that we can lock atoms in an + excited (normally decaying) state via atomic coherence and + interference. Such a phase-coherent collection of atoms, i.e. + 'phaseonium', is indeed a novel new state of matter. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HamHS97, + author = {Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R. and Shahriar, M. S.}, + title = {Efficient electromagnetically induced transparency in + a rareearth doped crystal}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {144}, + pages = {227-230}, + abstract = {We have observed up to 100\% transmission of a probe + field at line center due to electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in an optically dense rare-earth crystal of Pr3+ + doped Y2SiO5 at 5.5 K. We also have examined both laser field + intensity and temperature dependence of the EIT. Efficient EIT in + this crystal opens potential applications such as efficient + high-resolution image processing and signal processing, and optical + data storage as well as lasers without population inversion in + solids. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{CataliottiFPI97, + author = {Cataliotti, F. S. and Fort, C. and Prevedelli, M. and + Inguscio, M.}, + title = {Full resolution of the Autler-Townes Zeeman multiplet + for cold cesium atoms in a three-level Lambda-type configuration}, + journal = {Can. J. Phys.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {75}, + pages = {767-773}, + abstract = {Cold cesium atoms released from a magneto-optical trap + were investigated in Lambda-type configurations of hyperfine levels + of the D-2 line. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was + observed and studied as a function of relevant parameters of the + pump-probe lasers. Full resolution of the Zeeman degeneracy was + obtained for the first time through the different dependence of the + Autler-Townes effect. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LukinFZRVHS97, + author = {Lukin, M. D. and Fleischhauer, M. and Zibrov, A. S. + and Robinson, H. G. and Velichansky, V. L. and Hollberg, L. and + Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Spectroscopy in dense coherent media: Line narrowing + and interference effects}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {79}, + pages = {2959-2962}, + abstract = {Spectroscopic properties of coherently prepared, + optically dense atomic media are studied experimentally and + analyzed theoretically. It is shown that in such media the power + broadening of the resonances can be substantially reduced. A + density-dependent spectral narrowing of the electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) window and novel, even narrower, + resonances superimposed on the EIT line are observed in dense Rb + vapor. A nonlinear two-photon spectroscopic technique based on + coherent atomic media and combining high resolution with a large + signal-to-noise ratio seems feasible. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Kofman97, + author = {Kofman, A. G.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with coherent + and stochastic fields}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {56}, + pages = {2280-2291}, + abstract = {This paper deals with electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT), i.e., a significant suppression of absorption + at a material transition (in the form of a dip in an absorption + spectrum), due to a strong laser field, coupling the excited level + with an auxiliary excited (unpopulated) level. A comprehensive + theory of EIT is developed for the cases of coherent and Markovian + phase-and amplitude-phase-fluctuating coupling fields. For a + coherent coupling field, a shift of the absorption minimum from the + two-photon resonance is revealed in the off-resonance case. Two + models of amplitude-phase fluctuating fields are considered: the + chaotic field and the uncorrelated-jump field. Closed analytical + expressions for EIT line shape are derived and exact Limits of + different regimes of EIT an obtained, the emphasis being on the + near-resonance case, The main conclusion is that an + amplitude-phase-fluctuating field can induce significant + transparency, though reduced in comparison to a phase-fluctuating + field of the same average intensity and bandwidth. EIT decreases + with the increase of the bandwidth for all stochastic models + considered. EIT with a chaotic field is generally less pronounced + than EIT with an uncorrelated-jump field of the same intensity and + bandwidth, the difference increasing with the field intensity. The + possibility of experimental verification of the results obtained is + discussed. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HamSH97, + author = {Ham, B. S. and Shahriar, M. S. and Hemmer, P. R.}, + title = {Enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing owing to + electromagnetically induced transparency in a spectral holeburning + crystal}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {22}, + pages = {1138-1140}, + abstract = {We have demonstrated electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in an inhomogeneously broadened spectral + hole-burning system of Pr3+-doped Y2SiO5 at 6 K. We have also shown + enhancement of four-wave mixing under conditions of reduced + absorption. This demonstration opens the possibilities of pursuing + EIT applications such as high-resolution optical image processing + and optical data storage in solids. (C) 1997 Optical Society of + America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhangTSH97, + author = {Zhang, G. Z. and Tokaryk, D. W. and Stoicheff, B. P. + and Hakuta, K.}, + title = {Nonlinear generation of extreme-ultraviolet radiation + in atomic hydrogen using electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {56}, + pages = {813-819}, + abstract = {Sum-frequency generation enhanced by + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been extended to + the production of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the range + 97.3-92.6 nm from np-ls transitions (n = 4-8) in atomic hydrogen. + Pulsed radiation Was generated by strong coupling of the np and 2s + levels with laser radiation at Balmer wavelengths, and + simultaneously (weaker) coupling of the 2s and Is levels by + two-photon resonance with 243-nm laser radiation. + Investigations were carried out over a range of laser intensities + and products of interaction length and atomic density (NL). As the + product NL increased, the XUV intensities were greatly enhanced by + EIT, and at high NL values, the spectral distributions of some of + the generated signals were found to be distorted by the presence of + molecular hydrogen. Calculated profiles, modified to incorporate + the effects of nearby molecular resonances, were shown to be in + good agreement with the observed spectra. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtCGI97, + author = {Schmidt, H. and Campman, K. L. and Gossard, A. C. and + Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Tunneling induced transparency: Fano interference in + intersubband transitions}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {70}, + pages = {3455-3457}, + abstract = {We report the observation of tunneling induced + transparency in asymmetric double quantum well structures. Resonant + tunneling through a thin barrier is used to coherently couple the + two upper states in a three level system of electronic subbands in + a GaAs/AlGaAs structure. This creates Fano-type interferences for + the collective intersubband excitations in the absorption from the + ground state, analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in atomic systems. We observe a 50\% reduction in absorption + between the subband resonances which can be explained by taking + into account the coherent coupling of the upper states. We analyze + the bias dependent absorption spectra and determine the relevant + lifetime broadening and dephasing rates for the transitions. (C) + 1997 American Institute of Physics. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FortCHIP97, + author = {Fort, C. and Cataliotti, F. S. and Hansch, T. W. and + Inguscio, M. and Prevedelli, M.}, + title = {Gain without inversion on the cesium D-1 line}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {139}, + pages = {31-34}, + abstract = {We investigated electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in a V-type system in cesium at room + temperature: a strong coupling laser at 852 nm was locked on the + D-2 transition while the transmission of a weak probe at 894 nm has + been recorded as the frequency was scanned through the D-1 + transition. The addition of an incoherent pump on the D-1 line has + allowed for the observation of non-inverted gain. A systematic + investigation of the effect for different hyperfine sublevels has + been performed as a function of the relevant experimental + parameters. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HopkinsUCD97, + author = {Hopkins, S. A. and Usadi, E. and Chen, H. X. and + Durrant, A. V.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency of + laser-cooled rubidium atoms in three-level Lambda-type systems}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {138}, + pages = {185-192}, + abstract = {We have observed electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in laser-cooled rubidium in a magneto-optical + trap (MOT). Lambda-type configurations of hyperfine levels of the + D2 line were studied, as well as a system utilising degenerate + Zeeman sublevels of the ground state. V-type signals were also + seen. The perturbing effects of the MOT were found to be small and + the results agree well with standard EIT theory for + homogeneously-broadened samples. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SandhyaS97, + author = {Sandhya, S. N. and Sharma, K. K.}, + title = {Atomic coherence effects in four-level systems: + Doppler-free absorption within an + electromagnetically-induced-transparency window}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {55}, + pages = {2155-2158}, + abstract = {We report here an effect in a four-level ladderlike + system, which is in contrast to the usual quantum interference + effects such as electromagnetically induced transperency (EIT) or + coherent population trapping: we predict the occurrence of a narrow + absorption peak within the EIT window when an EIT atomic system + interacts with an additional driving rf field. The + Doppler-free-central absorption appears when the three-photon + resonance condition is satisfied. In the limit of the rf field + strength Omega(rf)-->0, the usual EIT profile is recovered.} +} + +@ARTICLE{GongXP97, + author = {Gong, S. Q. and Xu, Z. Z. and Pan, S. H.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced focusing in a Lambda-type + medium}, + journal = {Acta Phys. Sin.-Overseas Ed.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {6}, + pages = {13-17}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an + inhomogenously broadened medium consisting of h-type threelevel + atoms has been analyzed. It is shown that the Lambda system can + induce a transparency of the medium when the probe laser and the + coupling laser have the same frequency detunings (including zero). + Across the EIT window, the radial variation of the strong coupling + laser radiation may lead to electromagnetically induced focusing or + defocusing of the weak probe laser at separate probe frequency + detuning points.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ShepherdFD96, + author = {Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {Wavelength dependence of coherently induced + transparency in a Doppler-broadened cascade medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {54}, + pages = {5394-5399}, + abstract = {The effect of changing the coupling laser transition, + and hence the wavelength, on the coherently induced transparency + seen by a probe beam in a Doppler-broadened cascade + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) configuration is + studied experimentally and theoretically. The transparency of the + vapor is shown to be an effect not just of EIT, but of the varying + Autler-Townes splitting for each velocity group within the vapor. + Consequently, the best overall transparency for Rabi splittings + less than the Doppler width is not at the position of matched + coupling and probe wavelengths, but for coupling wavelengths less + than that of the probe. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LiX96, + author = {Li, Y. Q. and Xiao, M.}, + title = {Enhancement of nondegenerate four-wave mixing based on + electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {21}, + pages = {1064-1066}, + abstract = {We report an experimental observation of the + enhancement of nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) based on + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a lambda-type + three-level system of rubidium atoms. We measured both the linear + susceptibility Im chi(1) over (D) (absorption) and the third-order + nonlinear coefficient chi(3) over (D) separately for the NDFWM + process at a low atomic density. We found that, owing to the EIT + effect, the linear absorption term Im chi(1) over d(D) is greatly + reduced, while the nonlinear generation term chi(3) over (D) is + resonantly enhanced, permitting us to observe a significant + enhancement of the NDFWM signal in an optically dense medium. (C) + 1996 Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{RiceB96, + author = {Rice, P. R. and Brecha, R. J.}, + title = {Cavity induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {126}, + pages = {230-235}, + abstract = {We consider a two-level atom inside a cavity. We find + that the absorption spectrum of the atom may exhibit a hole at line + center for a weak probe. This hole appears when the cavity + linewidth is small compared to the atom-field coupling strength, + which is itself smaller than the atom's free space linewidth. In + the weak-field limit, this system is analogous to a three-level + atom, where similar absorption holes at line center occur due to + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). In EIT, a strong + field is required to strongly mix the upper two levels, whereas in + the system we consider, it is the atom-field coupling strength that + plays this role. An alternate explanation in terms of interference + between the cavity field and atomic polarization is given. We also + examine the driven cavity case. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MoseleySFSD96, + author = {Moseley, R. R. and Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and + Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {Electromagnetically-induced focusing}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {53}, + pages = {408-415}, + abstract = {The theoretical basis for electromagnetically-induced + focusing (EIF), which is caused by spatial variations-in the + coupling laser strength in an electromagnetically-induced + transparency (EIT) experiment, is studied in detail. Using a + numerical model it is shown that radial changes in both absorption + and refractive index are important in predicting the probe beam's + propagation conditions. Detailed calculations of the focusing and + defocusing during EIF under various conditions are presented and + compared with appropriate experiments. + Diffraction like patterns are predicted for, and observed on, a + probe beam after propagation through a smaller EIT aperture.} +} + +@ARTICLE{FultonSMSD95, + author = {Fulton, D. J. and Shepherd, S. and Moseley, R. R. and + Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {Continuous-wave electromagnetically induced + transparency - a comparison of v-system, lambda-system, and cascade + systems}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1995}, + volume = {52}, + pages = {2302-2311}, + abstract = {A theoretical and experimental investigation has been + carried out into the viability of V-type, Lambda-type, and cascade + systems within rubidium for the observation of + electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT), A Lambda-type + system is also discussed where EIT is induced on a two-photon + transition. Continuous-wave single-frequency titanium sapphire + lasers have been employed to provide the applied optical fields. It + is found that systems that have a strong coupling field resonant + with the 5S(1/2) ground state suffer from complicating optical + pumping mechanisms that tend to mask EIT windows. It is also found + that wavelength matching of the applied optical fields enhances the + observation of EIT since this results in a reduced residual Doppler + linewidth of the atomic system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MoseleySFSD95, + author = {Moseley, R. R. and Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and + Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {2-photon effects in continuous-wave + electromagnetically-induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1995}, + volume = {119}, + pages = {61-68}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) in a + cascade three-level scheme is studied in rubidium vapour using + continuous-wave titanium sapphire lasers. A counter-propagating + experimental configuration significantly reduces the coupling laser + power requirements and a reduction in absorption of over 90\% is + observed. The hyperfine structure of the upper level is seen within + the EIT feature and the application of EIT to highresolution + two-photon spectroscopy is discussed. Simultaneous measurements of + the excitation to the upper state are presented and clearly show + Autler-Townes splitting and power broadening.} +} + diff --git a/group_velocity_1992_2003.bib b/group_velocity_1992_2003.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce03ee3 --- /dev/null +++ b/group_velocity_1992_2003.bib @@ -0,0 +1,2389 @@ +This file was automatically generated from entries from the ISI (Institute +for Scientific Information) databases of scientific and other academic +documents, using isi2bibtex version 0.4, a perl script which converts ISI or +BIDS format files to BibTeX format files for inclusion in documents typeset +using the LaTeX document processor. + +Try perldoc isi2bibtex for instructions, or read the script. + +This file generated on Wednesday 27th May 2003, from file +'/home/evmik/dl/CIW.cgi', which has no subject line. + +@ARTICLE{Xiao03, + author = {Xiao, M.}, + title = {Novel linear and nonlinear optical properties of + electromagnetically induced transparency systems}, + journal = {IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {86-92}, + abstract = {We describe some interesting linear and nonlinear + optical properties of three-level electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) systems, such as absorption reduction, sharp + dispersion change, and enhanced Kerr nonlinearity. These novel + optical properties are very useful in enhancing efficient nonlinear + optical processes, which can find applications in optoelectronic + devices. We present some experiments done in our group in the past + few years with three-level atomic systems, especially more recent + experiments with EIT medium inside an optical cavity. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LeKienLH03, + author = {Le Kien, F. and Liang, J. Q. and Hakuta, K.}, + title = {Slow light produced by far-off-resonance Raman + scattering}, + journal = {IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {93-101}, + abstract = {The authors survey the theoretical and experimental + aspects of generation of slow light in a far-off-resonance Raman + medium driven by a strong coupling field. When material dispersion + is negligible, the propagation of two coupled sidebands can be + described in terms of two. normal modes that propagate + independently at different group velocities, one at the vacuum + speed of light and one at a reduced velocity. They use solid + hydrogen as a Raman medium to demonstrate the generation of slow + light. The numerical calculations and experimental observations + show that, due to high density, narrow Raman width, and small + two-photon detuning, far-off-resonance Raman scattering in solid + hydrogen can slow down the pulse-peak velocity of the Stokes and + anti-Stokes fields to the order of c/10000. This velocity reduction + affects the amplitudes of the Stokes and anti-Stokes fields via the + beating between the normal modes. the double-peak structure + observed in the intensity temporal profiles of the sideband fields + is a signature of the splitting of the copropagating, normal + modes.} +} + +@ARTICLE{DeyA03, + author = {Dey, T. N. and Agarwal, G. S.}, + title = {Storage and retrieval of light pulses at moderate + powers}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {033813}, + abstract = {We investigate whether it is possible to store and + retrieve an intense probe pulse using a medium that can be modeled + as a set of atoms with the relevant energy levels in Lambda + configuration. We demonstrate that it is indeed possible to store + and retrieve the probe pulses that are not necessarily weak. We + find that the retrieved pulse remains a replica of the original + pulse, although there is overall broadening and loss of the + intensity. The loss of intensity can be understood in terms of the + dependence of absorption on the intensity of the probe. Our + calculations include the dynamics of the control field, which + becomes especially important as the intensity of the probe pulse + increases. We use the adiabatic theory of Grobe [Phys. Rev. Lett. + 73, 3183 (1994)] to understand our numerical results on the storage + and retrieval of light pulses at moderate powers. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BigelowLB03, + author = {Bigelow, M. S. and Lepeshkin, N. N. and Boyd, R. W.}, + title = {Observation of ultraslow light propagation in a ruby + crystal at room temperature}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {90}, + pages = {113903}, + abstract = {We have observed slow light propagation with a group + velocity as low as 57.5+/-0.5 m/s at room temperature in a ruby + crystal. A quantum coherence effect, coherent population + oscillations, produces a very narrow spectral "hole" in the + homogeneously broadened absorption profile of ruby. The resulting + rapid spectral variation of the refractive index leads to a large + value of the group index. We observe slow light propagation both + for Gaussian-shaped light pulses and for amplitude modulated + optical beams in a system that is much simpler than those + previously used for generating slow light. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FicekSSAB03, + author = {Ficek, Z. and Seke, J. and Soldatov, A. V. and Adam, + G. and Bogolubov, N. N.}, + title = {Multilevel coherence effects in a two-level atom + driven by a trichromatic field}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {217}, + pages = {299-309}, + abstract = {We study the absorption and dispersion properties of a + weak probe field monitoring a two-level atom driven by a + trichromatic field. We calculate the steady-state linear + susceptibility and find that the system can produce a number of + multilevel coherence effects predicted for atoms composed of three + and more energy levels. Although the atom has only one transition + channel, the multilevel effects are possible because there are + multichannel transitions between dressed states induced by the + driving field. In particular, we show that the system can exhibit + multiple electromagnetically induced transparency and can also + produce a strong amplification at the central frequency which is + not attributed to population inversion in both the atomic bare + states and in the dressed atomic states. Moreover, we show that the + absorption and dispersion of the probe field is sensitive to the + initial relative phase of the components of the driving field. In + addition, we show that the group velocity of the probe field can be + controlled by changing the initial relative phases or frequencies + of the driving fields and can also be varied from subluminal to + superluminal. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{JuzeliunasMF03, + author = {Juzeliunas, G. and Masalas, M. and Fleischhauer, M.}, + title = {Storing and releasing light in a gas of moving atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023809}, + abstract = {We propose a scheme of storing and releasing pulses or + cw beams of light in a moving atomic medium illuminated by two + stationary and spatially separated control lasers. The method is + based on electromagnetically induced transparency but in contrast + to previous schemes, storage and retrieval of the probe pulse can + be achieved at different locations and without switching off the + control laser. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AgarwalD03, + author = {Agarwal, G. S. and Dasgupta, S.}, + title = {Laser-induced breakdown of the magnetic-field-reversal + symmetry in the propagation of unpolarized light}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023814}, + abstract = {We show how a medium, under the influence of a + coherent control field that is resonant or close to resonance to an + appropriate atomic transition, can lead to very strong asymmetries + in the propagation of unpolarized light when the direction of the + magnetic field is reversed. We show how electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) can be used in atomic vapor to mimic this + magnetochiral effect that occurs in natural systems. EIT can + produce much larger asymmetry than the well-known magnetochiral + effect as we use the dipole-allowed transitions here. Using + density-matrix calculations we present results for the breakdown of + the magnetic-field-reversal symmetry for two different atomic + configurations. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GreentreeRVDdSM03, + author = {Greentree, A. D. and Richards, D. and Vaccaro, J. A. + and Durrant, A. V. and de Echaniz, S. R. and Segal, D. M. and + Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Intensity-dependent dispersion under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency in coherently prepared + multistate atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023818}, + abstract = {Interest in lossless nonlinearities has focussed on + the dispersive properties of Lambda systems under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We generalize the + Lambda system by introducing further degenerate states to realize a + "chain Lambda" atom where multiple coupling of the probe field + significantly enhances the intensity-dependent dispersion without + compromising the EIT condition. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhuL02, + author = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency mediated by + phonons in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {75}, + pages = {861-864}, + abstract = {It is shown theoretically that electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT), due to strong exciton-phonon coupling + can occur in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems such as + polymers and organic semiconductors and lead to ultra-slow light + effects. The results indicate that the strong coupling of excitons + and phonons is important, but the excitonexciton interaction + plays a small role in the generation of the EIT. Numerical results + for polydiacetylene-toluene sulfonate are also presented. This EIT + in a solid-state medium might be utilized for efficient multiwave + mixing and quantum nondemolition measurements, as well as for novel + acousto- optical devices. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HaasK03, + author = {Haas, M. and Keitel, C. H.}, + title = {Low group velocity of light without an extra driving + laser field}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {216}, + pages = {385-389}, + abstract = {Coherent light pulse propagation is investigated in a + medium of three-level atoms with two possibly closely spaced upper + levels without the presence of any auxiliary driving laser fields. + We derive an analytic expression for the group velocity in this + system and demonstrate that it may be very low along with a small + pulse distortion for a certain range of intensities. The group + velocity is shown to depend sensitively on the upper level + splitting and may thus be conveniently controlled by a magnetic + field rather than an extra laser field. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science + B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AlzarCGSN03, + author = {Alzar, C. L. G. and Cruz, L. S. and Gomez, J. G. A. + and Santos, M. F. and Nussenzveig, P.}, + title = {Super-Poissonian intensity fluctuations and + correlations between pump and probe fields in Electromagnetically + Induced Transparency}, + journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {61}, + pages = {485-491}, + abstract = {We have measured the intensity fluctuations of pump + and probe beams after interaction with Rb atoms in a situation of + Electromagnetically Induced Transparency. Both fields present + super-Poissonian statistics and their intensities become + correlated, in good qualitative agreement with theoretical + predictions in which both fields are treated quantummechanically. + The intensity correlations measured are a first step towards the + observation of entanglement between the fields. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AkulshinCSHO03, + author = {Akulshin, A. M. and Cimmino, A. and Sidorov, A. I. and + Hannaford, P. and Opat, G. I.}, + title = {Light propagation in an atomic medium with steep and + signreversible dispersion}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {011801}, + abstract = {We show that ground-state Zeeman coherence prepared by + twophoton Raman transitions in alkali atoms results in steep + controllable and sign-reversible dispersion. Pulse propagation with + small negative as well as positive group velocity of light (-c/5100 + and c/41 000) in a Cs vapor cell is reported. Energy exchange + between copropagating light components through long- lived Zeeman + coherence with enhanced absorption or transmission has been + observed. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KlimovSDY03, + author = {Klimov, A. B. and Sanchez-Soto, L. L. and Delgado, J. + and Yustas, E. C.}, + title = {Phase states for a three-level atom interacting with + quantum fields}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {013803}, + abstract = {We introduce phase operators associated with the + algebra su(3), which is the appropriate tool to describe + three-level systems. The rather unusual properties of this phase + are caused by the small dimension of the system and are explored in + detail. When a three-level atom interacts with a quantum field in a + cavity, a polynomial deformation of this algebra emerges in a + natural way. We also introduce a polar decomposition of the + atom-field relative amplitudes that leads to a Hermitian + relative-phase operator, whose eigenstates correctly describe the + corresponding phase properties. We claim that this is the natural + variable to deal with quantum interference effects in atom-field + interactions. We find the probability distribution for this + variable and study its time evolution in some special cases. + } +} + + +@ARTICLE{RostovtsevPLJ02, + author = {Rostovtsev, Y. and Protsenko, I. and Lee, H. and + Javan, A.}, + title = {From laser-induced line narrowing to + electromagnetically induced transparency in a Doppler-broadened + system}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {2501-2516}, + abstract = {The laser-induced line narrowing effect in Doppler + broadened systems was discovered thirty years ago. We have + revisited this effect to determine its role for dense gases where + recent experimental studies have found many intriguing atomic + coherence effects. Using the density matrix approach, we study the + width of electromagnetically induced transparency under different + regimes of broadening. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{RostovtsevKS02, + author = {Rostovtsev, Y. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Scully, M. + O.}, + title = {Stop and go control of light in hot atomic gases}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {2637-2643}, + abstract = {We consider a new way to trap light pulses inside a + gaseous medium by using additional electromagnetic fields. The + drive field controls the transparency and the dispersion of the + medium. Applied auxiliary fields provide additional control on the + propagation of the probe pulse via the dragging effect resulting + from the population redistribution between hyperfine levels of + different velocity groups. The density matrix calculation is + performed to prove that these effects are experimentally feasible. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KuznetsovaKHS02, + author = {Kuznetsova, E. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Hemmer, P. + and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Atomic interference phenomena in solids with a + long-lived spin coherence}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {063802}, + abstract = {We generalize the theory of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) and slow group velocity for the case of + the homogeneous and inhomogeneous line broadening in both oneand + two-photon transitions which unavoidably takes place in solid + materials with a long-lived spin coherence. We identify regimes of + EIT where the linewidth can be essentially reduced due to + inhomogeneous broadening and, moreover, can be proportional to the + amplitude of the driving field rather than the intensity. We + suggest also a class of solid materials, namely, rare-earth ion + doped semiconductors or dielectrics with electricdipole allowed + transitions, that is very promising for realization and + applications of EIT. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PatnaikLH02, + author = {Patnaik, A. K. and Liang, J. Q. and Hakuta, K.}, + title = {Slow light propagation in a thin optical fiber via + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {063808}, + abstract = {We propose a configuration that utilizes + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to tailor a fiber + mode propagating inside a thin optical fiber and coherently control + its dispersion properties to drastically reduce the group velocity + of the fiber mode. The key to this proposal is that the evanescent + field of the thin fiber strongly couples with the surrounding + active medium, so that the EIT condition is met by the medium. We + show how the properties of the fiber mode are modified due to the + EIT medium, both numerically and analytically. We demonstrate that + the group velocity of the modified fiber mode can be drastically + reduced (approximate to44 m/sec) using the coherently prepared + orthohydrogen doped in a matrix of parahydrogen crystal as the EIT + medium.} +} + +@ARTICLE{HuDLL02, + author = {Hu, Z. F. and Du, C. G. and Li, D. J. and Li, S. Q.}, + title = {Atomic interaction effects on electromagnetically + induced transparency and slow light in ultracold Bose gas}, + journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {19}, + pages = {1805-1807}, + abstract = {We investigate electromagnetically induced + transparency and slow group velocity of light in ultracold Bose gas + with a twophoton Raman process. The properties of + electromagnetically induced transparency and light speed can be + changed by controlling the atomic interaction. Atomic interaction + can be used as a knob to control the optical properties of atomic + media. This can be realized in experiment by using the Feshbach + resonance technique. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HongJYM02, + author = {Hong, T. and Jack, M. W. and Yamashita, M. and Mukai, + T.}, + title = {Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity for self-action via atomic + coherence in a four-level atomic system}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {214}, + pages = {371-380}, + abstract = {Enhancement of optical Kerr nonlinearity for + self-action by electro-magnetically induced transparency in a + four-level atomic system including dephasing between the ground + states is studied in detail by solving the density matrix equations + for the atomic levels. We discern three major contributions, from + energy shifts of the ground states induced by the probe light, to + the third-order susceptibility in the four-level system. In this + four-level system with the frequency-degenerate probes, quantum + interference amongst the three contributions can, not only enhance + the third-order susceptibility more effectively than in the + three-level system with the same characteristic parameters, but + also make the ratio between its real and imaginary part + controllable. Due to dephasing between the two ground states and + constructive quantum interference, the most effective enhancement + generally occurs at an offset that is determined by the atomic + transition frequency difference and the coupling Rabi frequency. + (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PayneDSA02, + author = {Payne, M. G. and Deng, L. and Schmitt, C. and + Anderson, S.}, + title = {Studies of group-velocity reduction and pulse + regeneration with and without the adiabatic approximation}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {043802}, + abstract = {We present a detailed semiclassical study of the + propagation of a pair of optical fields in resonant media with and + without the adiabatic approximation. In the case of nearand + on-resonance excitation, we show detailed calculations, both + analytical and numerical, of the extremely slowly propagating probe + pulse and the subsequent regeneration of a pulse via a coupling + laser. Further discussions of the adiabatic approximation provide + much subtle understanding of the process, including the effect on + the bandwidth of the regenerated optical field. We show that the + adiabatic condition does not generally predict that the regenerated + field will have the same bandwidth as that of the original probe + pulse. Indeed, we show analytically that for a set of coupling + pulses well satisfying the adiabatic conditions, the regenerated + field usually has a different bandwidth from the original probe + pulse. For very-far-off resonance excitations, we show that the + analytical solution is nearly detuning independent, providing a + simple condition is satisfied. This surprising result is vigorously + tested and compared to numerical calculations with very good + agreement.} +} + +@ARTICLE{GodoneLM02, + author = {Godone, A. and Levi, F. and Micalizio, S.}, + title = {Slow light and superluminality in the coherent + population trapping maser}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {043804}, + abstract = {The propagation of a band-limited light pulse through + an atomic medium under a A excitation scheme is theoretically + analyzed in this paper. We consider in particular the case where + the light pulse is detected through the coherent microwave emission + of the atomic ensemble (coherent population trapping maser). + Significant differences are predicted with respect to the more + usual optical detection (electromagnetically induced transparency + signal) and found in agreement with the experimental results. + Higher signal delays were observed m the microwave emission than in + the optical signal with an equivalent group velocity of 6 m/s as + well as highly superluminal propagation under a proper modulation + scheme. The experiments were performed with a thermal Rb-87 vapor + in buffer gas. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ThanopulosS02, + author = {Thanopulos, I. and Shapiro, M.}, + title = {Slowing down of light by laser induced barrier + hopping}, + journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {117}, + pages = {8404-8411}, + abstract = {We suggest that a very significant reduction in the + group velocity of light occurs in a laser induced barrier-hopping + process, known as "Laser Catalysis.'' In this process a system is + made to hop over a potential barrier via a virtual transition to an + excited bound state. As in electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT), the light absorption is predicted to dip to zero at a + certain frequency, thereby also changing the refractive index, + inducing in turn the slowing down of the group velocity of the + light. In contrast to EIT, a single pulse is predicted to induce + its own transparency and in contrast to self-induced transparency + the process is predicted to be insensitive to the pulse area (as + long as the pulse is intense enough to meet the adiabaticity + criterion). Thus, the medium becomes transparent to the light, as + the laser induced barrierhopping process brings about a + fundamental change in the medium. (C) 2002 American Institute of + Physics. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AkulshinCO02, + author = {Akulshin, A. M. and Cimmino, A. and Opat, G. I.}, + title = {Negative group velocity of a light pulse in cesium + vapour}, + journal = {Quantum Electron.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {32}, + pages = {567-569}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced absorption in cesium + vapour causes an extremely strong anomalous dispersion, leading to + the propagation of radiation at a low negative group velocity V-g. + As a result, a resonance light pulse appears from the medium before + than a nonresonance pulse. The advance time measured in the + experiment corresponds to the group velocity V-g approximate to + -c/3600, which is an order of magnitude lower than that reported by + Wang L.J., et al. Nature, 406, 277 (2000). + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DengHP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Payne, M. G.}, + title = {Optical wave group velocity reduction in sodium + without onresonance electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {212}, + pages = {101-105}, + abstract = {A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group velocity + reduction is applied to a pure lifetime broadened sodium atomic + system. In addition to the significant reduction of group velocity, + probe field loss and smaller pulse distortion, as expected for such + a scheme, we also investigate possible dipole moment combinations + for the optimum probe pulse propagation. We show that the nuclear + spin of sodium atomic system and proper laser coupling scheme can + conspire to dramatically reduce the influence of any nearby state + in a multi-level system, making it a nearly perfect 3-level system. + (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KozumaADHP02, + author = {Kozuma, M. and Akamatsu, D. and Deng, L. and Hagley, + E. W. and Payne, M. G.}, + title = {Steep optical-wave group-velocity reduction and + "storage" of light without on-resonance electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {031801}, + abstract = {We report on experimental investigation of + optical-pulse groupvelocity reduction and probe-pulse + "regeneration" using a Raman scheme. This scheme, which does not + rely on the commonly used on-one-photon-resonance + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process, has many + advantages over the conventional method that critically relies on + the transparency window created by an EIT process. We demonstrate + significant reduction of the group velocity, less probe-field loss, + reduced probe-pulse distortion, and high probe-pulse regeneration + efficiency. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SoljacicJFIIJ02, + author = {Soljacic, M. and Johnson, S. G. and Fan, S. H. and + Ibanescu, M. and Ippen, E. and Joannopoulos, J. D.}, + title = {Photonic-crystal slow-light enhancement of nonlinear + phase sensitivity}, + journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {19}, + pages = {2052-2059}, + abstract = {We demonstrate how slow group velocities of light, + which are readily achievable in photonic-crystal systems, can + dramatically increase the induced phase shifts caused by small + changes in the index of refraction. Such increased phase + sensitivity may be used to decrease the sizes of many devices, + including switches, routers, all-optical logical gates, wavelength + converters, and others. At the same time a low group velocity + greatly decreases the power requirements needed to operate these + devices. We show how these advantages can be used to design + switches smaller than 20 mum x 200 mum in size by using readily + available materials and at modest levels of power. With this + approach, one could have similar to10(5) such devices on a surface + that is 2 cm x 2 cm, making it an important step towards + large-scale all-optical integration. (C) 2002 Optical Society of + America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DengHKP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and Payne, + M. G.}, + title = {Optical-wave group-velocity reduction without + electromagnetically induced transparency (vol A 65, art no 051805, + 2002)}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {029903}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{CerboneschiRA02, + author = {Cerboneschi, E. and Renzoni, F. and Arimondo, E.}, + title = {Quantum interference and slow light propagation in + cold samples of open three-level atoms}, + journal = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {4}, + pages = {S267-S272}, + abstract = {We investigate theoretically the propagation of a + probe laser pulse through a cold sample of three-level atoms in the + presence of a strong coupling field. Our numerical analysis shows + that the electromagnetically induced transparency phenomenon + produces very small group velocities for the probe pulse even if + the three-level atomic system is open, i.e. in the presence of + decay channels to levels not excited by the laser radiation. The + role of the atomic momentum on the slow light propagation is + briefly discussed. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PaspalakisK02, + author = {Paspalakis, E. and Knight, P. L.}, + title = {Transparency, slow light and enhanced nonlinear optics + in a four-level scheme}, + journal = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {4}, + pages = {S372-S375}, + abstract = {We analyse the interaction of three laser fields with + a fourlevel quantum system in a tripod configuration. We obtain + an analytical expression for the steady state linear susceptibility + of a probe laser field and show that the system can exhibit double + electromagnetically induced transparency with controlled group + velocity. We also show that a coherently prepared tripod scheme can + be used for efficient nonlinear generation of new laser fields. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ArkhipkinT02, + author = {Arkhipkin, V. G. and Timofeev, I. V.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency; writing, + storing, and reading short optical pulses}, + journal = {Jetp Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {76}, + pages = {66-70}, + abstract = {The spatiotemporal propagation dynamics of a weak + probe pulse in an optically dense medium of three-level atoms is + studied in the adiabatic approximation under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency. The atomic coherence + induced at the dipole-forbidden transitions is found to be + spatially localized. This effect is used for the analysis of the + reversible writing (reading) of short optical pulses. The method of + pulse time reversal is suggested. (C) 2002 MAIK + "Nauka/Interperiodica". + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangZ02, + author = {Wang, K. and Zhu, S.}, + title = {Storage states in ultracold collective atoms}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {20}, + pages = {281-292}, + abstract = {We present a complete theoretical description of + atomic storage states in the multimode framework by including + spatial coherence in atomic collective operators and atomic storage + states. We show that atomic storage states are Dicke states with + the maximum cooperation number. In some limits, a set of multimode + atomic storage states has been established,in correspondence with + multimode Fock states of the electromagnetic field. This gives + better understanding of both the quantum and coherent information + of optical field can be preserved and recovered in ultracold + medium. In this treatment, we discuss in detail both the adiabatic + and dynamic transfer of quantum information between the field and + the ultracold medium.} +} + +@ARTICLE{JavanKLS02, + author = {Javan, A. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Lee, H. and + Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Narrowing of electromagnetically induced transparency + resonance in a Doppler-broadened medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {013805}, + abstract = {We derive an analytic expression for the linewidth of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance in a + Doppler-broadened system. It is shown here that for relatively low + intensity of the driving field the EIT linewidth is proportional to + the square root of intensity and is independent of the Doppler + width, similar to the laser-induced line narrowing effect described + by Feld and Javan. In the limit of high intensity we recover the + usual power-broadening case where the EIT linewidth is proportional + to the intensity and inversely proportional to the Doppler width. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PaspalakisK02, + author = {Paspalakis, E. and Knight, P. L.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and + controlled group velocity in a multilevel system}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {015802}, + abstract = {We analyze the interaction of N laser fields with a + (N+1)-level quantum system. A general analytic expression for the + steadystate linear susceptibility for a probe-laser field is + obtained and we show that the system can exhibit multiple + electromagnetically induced transparency, with at most N-1 + transparency windows occurring in the system. The group velocity of + the probe-laser pulse can also be controlled.} +} + +@ARTICLE{DengHKAP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and + Akamatsu, D. and Payne, M. G.}, + title = {Achieving very-low-loss group velocity reduction + without electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {81}, + pages = {1168-1170}, + abstract = {A Raman method is studied experimentally for potential + opticalwave group velocity reduction in resonant medium. + Specifically, we show that the proposed method can achieve + significant group velocity reduction comparable to the conventional + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) method that had been + exclusively used to date. In addition, we show that this method has + a significantly lower loss compared to the EIT method, and has rich + dynamics such as probe pulse narrowing. Such features have + applications in the domain of telecommunication technology. (C) + 2002 American Institute of Physics. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{CerboneschiRA02, + author = {Cerboneschi, E. and Renzoni, F. and Arimondo, E.}, + title = {Dynamics of slow-light formation}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {208}, + pages = {125-130}, + abstract = {We investigate theoretically the phenomenon of slow + light in a cold sample of open three-level atoms interacting with + the two light fields in the A configuration. We consider a cold + atomic sample geometry such that the photon reabsorption is greatly + reduced, and therefore the medium properties are determined by the + single atom response. The dynamics of the slow propagating light + pulse is examined, and the typical length scales for the + propagation derived. We demonstrate that STIRAP is the mechanism + behind the slow-light phenomenon. Furthermore, in the considered + geometry a significant occupation of the excited state in the early + phase of the propagation does not necessarily imply a decay of the + ground-state coherence, and therefore does not inhibit the + slow-light formation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights + reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ArtoniBCL02, + author = {Artoni, M. and Bassani, F. and Carusotto, I. and La + Rocca, G. C.}, + title = {The regime of electromagnetically induced transparency + in optically dense media: from atoms to excitons}, + journal = {Braz. J. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {32}, + pages = {275-283}, + abstract = {The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) was discovered by Adriano Gozzini and coworkers + in 1976 in Pisa. Novel schemes to investigate and exploit EIT in + the optical domain have attracted much interest both in atomic and + solid state systems. We discuss some of our recent theoretical + results, in particular: i) a well developed EIT regime based on + free exciton levels in undoped bulk crystalline Cu2O; ii) light + dragging effects in moving media under EIT; iii) the coherent + control of Cherenkov radiation in the EIT regime. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZibrovLHS02, + author = {Zibrov, A. S. and Lukin, M. D. and Hollberg, L. and + Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Efficient frequency up-conversion in resonant coherent + media}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {051801}, + abstract = {We demonstrate an efficient frequency up-conversion + based on generation of large atomic coherence in a cascade system. + Two infrared, low power laser fields tuned to the vicinity of the + two-photon transition in Rb vapor were converted spontaneously into + infrared and blue radiation. Extension of the technique into other + spectral regions using highly excited states seems feasible. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DengHKP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and Payne, + M. G.}, + title = {Optical-wave group-velocity reduction without + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {051805}, + abstract = {A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group-velocity + reduction in a pure lifetime broadened system is studied. We show + that this nonelectromagnetically induced transparency (NEIT) scheme + has many advantages over the conventional method that critically + relies on the transparency window created by an EIT process. + Significant reduction of the group velocity, probe field loss, and + pulse distortion are reported. In addition, rich dynamics of the + propagation process are studied. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GreentreeSdDMSV02, + author = {Greentree, A. D. and Smith, T. B. and de Echaniz, S. + R. and Durrant, A. V. and Marangos, J. P. and Segal, D. M. and + Vaccaro, J. A.}, + title = {Resonant and off-resonant transients in + electromagnetically induced transparency: Turn-on and turn-off + dynamics}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {053802}, + abstract = {This paper presents a wide-ranging theoretical and + experimental study of nonadiabatic transient phenomena in a Lambda + electromagnetically induced transparency system when a strong + coupling field is rapidly switched on or off. The theoretical + treatment uses a Laplace transform approach to solve the time- + dependent density matrix equation. The experiments are carried out + in a Rb-87 magneto-optical trap. The results show transient probe + gain in parameter regions not previously studied, and provide + insight into the transition dynamics between bare and dressed + states. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KozlovWR02, + author = {Kozlov, V. V. and Wallentowitz, S. and Raghavan, S.}, + title = {Ultrahigh reflection from a medium with ultraslow + group velocity}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {296}, + pages = {210-213}, + abstract = {We show that an incident wavepacket at the boundary to + a medium with extremely slow group velocity, experiences enhanced + reflection and a substantial spatial and temporal distortion of the + transmitted wavepacket. In the limit of vanishing group velocity, + light cannot be transferred into the medium due to its perfect + reflectivity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GodoneLM02, + author = {Godone, A. and Levi, F. and Micalizio, S.}, + title = {Propagation and density effects in the + coherent-populationtrapping maser}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {033802}, + abstract = {The coherent microwave emission from an optically + thick atomic ensemble in a cavity under coherent population + trapping is analyzed. Transient and continuous operations are + theoretically examined within the frame of a closed three-level + system in the Dicke regime. The effects related to the atomic + density and to the propagation in the active medium are examined + with particular reference to the subnatural linewidth, the low + group velocity and the shifts of the maser emission profile from + the unperturbed atomic transition. The case of alkali-metal atoms + submitted to a L excitation scheme is addressed in view of + applications in the atomic frequency standard field. + Experimental observations in agreement with the theoretical + predictions are reported for the case of rubidium in a buffer gas. + Apparent superluminal propagation is also reported and briefly + discussed. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{QiSKLMLNFL02, + author = {Qi, J. and Spano, F. C. and Kirova, T. and Lazoudis, + A. and Magnes, J. and Li, L. and Narducci, L. M. and Field, R. W. + and Lyyra, A. M.}, + title = {Measurement of transition dipole moments in lithium + dimers using electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {173003}, + abstract = {We have observed electromagnetically induced + transparency in a Doppler broadened molecular cascade system using + fluorescence detection. We demonstrate that the power-dependent + splitting of lines in the upper-level fluorescence excitation + spectrum can be used as a new spectroscopic tool for the + measurement of molecular transition dipole moment functions. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{YeZRS02, + author = {Ye, C. Y. and Zibrov, A. S. and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and + Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Unexpected Doppler-free resonance in generalized + double dark states}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {043805}, + abstract = {Doppler-free resonances have been observed in Rb + atomic vapor coherently driven by two strong-coupling fields in an + intrinsically non-Doppler-free geometry. A four-level theoretical + model explains the experimental results. The explanation of the + physics is based on the interplay between coherences generated in a + four-level system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Leonhardt02, + author = {Leonhardt, U.}, + title = {Theory of a slow-light catastrophe}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {043818}, + abstract = {In diffraction catastrophes such as the rainbow, the + wave nature of light resolves ray singularities and draws delicate + interference patterns. In quantum catastrophes such as the black + hole, the quantum nature of light resolves wave singularities and + creates characteristic quantum effects related to Hawking + radiation. This paper describes the theory behind a recent proposal + [U. Leonhardt, Nature (London) 415, 406 (2002)] to generate a + quantum catastrophe of slow light.} +} + +@ARTICLE{DengKHP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Kozuma, M. and Hagley, E. W. and Payne, + M. G.}, + title = {Opening optical four-wave mixing channels with giant + enhancement using ultraslow pump waves}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {143902}, + abstract = {We show that by strongly modifying the dispersion + properties of a four-level system, nonexisting wave mixing channels + can be opened and significantly enhanced. Specifically, we show + that coherent optical four-wave mixing with a pump wave mediated by + electromagnetically induced transparency ( thereby propagating with + an extremely slow group velocity) will lead to many orders of + magnitude enhancement in the amplitude of the generated wave. + Contrary to common belief, a large transparency window, which + causes a large propagation velocity, actually diminishes efficient + mixing wave production. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MairHPWL02, + author = {Mair, A. and Hager, J. and Phillips, D. F. and + Walsworth, R. L. and Lukin, M. D.}, + title = {Phase coherence and control of stored photonic + information}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {031802}, + abstract = {We report the demonstration of phase coherence and + control for the recently developed "light-storage'' technique. + Specifically, we employ a dynamic form of electromagnetically + induced transparency to bring the group velocity of a light pulse + to zero, thereby mapping the photonic information into an ensemble + spin coherence in warm Rb vapor. We then apply a pulsed magnetic + field to vary the phase of the atomic spin excitations and map the + altered information back into light. We detect the resultant phase + shift in an optical interferometric measurement, thus confirming + that the storage process preserves phase coherence. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZibrovMKRWS02, + author = {Zibrov, A. S. and Matsko, A. B. and Kocharovskaya, O. + and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and Welch, G. R. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Transporting and time reversing light via atomic + coherence}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {103601}, + abstract = {We study basic issues central to the storage of + quantum information in a coherently prepared atomic medium such as + the role of adiabaticity. We also propose and demonstrate + transporting. multiplexing, and time reversing of stored light.} +} + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerL02, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Lukin, M. D.}, + title = {Quantum memory for photons: Dark-state polaritons}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {022314}, + abstract = {An ideal and reversible transfer technique for the + quantum state between light and metastable collective states of + matter is presented and analyzed in detail. The method is based on + the control of photon propagation in coherently driven three-level + atomic media, in which the group velocity is adiabatically reduced + to zero. Form-stable coupled excitations of light and matter + ("dark-state polaritons") associated with the propagation C of + quantum fields in electromagnetically induced transparency are + identified, their basic properties discussed and their application + for quantum memories for light analyzed.} +} + +@ARTICLE{WangGX02, + author = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Xiao, M.}, + title = {Atomic coherence induced Kerr nonlinearity enhancement + in Rb vapour}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {335-347}, + abstract = {The Kerr nonlinear index of refraction for rubidium + atoms is measured by using an optical ring cavity with and without + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Significant + enhancement and inhibition of the Kerr nonlinear index is observed + near resonance with EIT. The nonlinear index of refraction is + measured as functions of probe and coupling frequency detunings, + respectively, with and without the presence of EIT. A simple + theoretical calculation including Doppler broadening is presented + and is found to be in good qualitative agreement with the + experimentally measured results.} +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoNW02, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Novikova, I. and Welch, G. R.}, + title = {Radiation trapping under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {367-378}, + abstract = {Reabsorption of spontaneously emitted photons, or + radiation trapping, is a process that occurs when light interacts + with optically thick media. It is shown, both theoretically and + experimentally, that this effect in optically thick atomic vapour + leads to a decrease in transmission of coherent laser radiation + propagating under conditions of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). A simple theory is developed taking into + account the radiation trapping, which is in a good agreement with + the experimental observations and exact numerical simulation. This + allows better understanding of the physics of EIT in general, and + properties of dense coherent atomic media in particular. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{YanRZ02, + author = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Observations of absorptive photon switching and + suppression of two-photon absorption in cold atoms}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {675-685}, + abstract = {Atomic coherence and interference in an atomic medium + exhibiting electromagnetically induced transparency may lead to + enhancement or suppression of nonlinear susceptibilities. + Absorptive photon switching has been observed by constructive + quantum interference, which is based on the enhanced thirdorder, + nonlinear absorption in a four-level system. In a different + four-level system, suppression of the two-photon absorption by + destructive quantum interference has been observed. Experiments + were carried out on Rb-87 atoms cooled and confined in a + magneto-optical trap and the experimental results agree with + theoretical calculations of simple four- level model systems. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Wilson-GordonF02, + author = {Wilson-Gordon, A. D. and Friedmann, H.}, + title = {Positive and negative dispersion in a three-level A + system driven by a single pump}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {125-139}, + abstract = {We extend our previous study of a nearly degenerate A + threelevel system that exhibits population trapping when driven + by a single pump and produces an absorption or gain doublet in the + probe absorption spectrum. In particular, we show, that the probe + dispersion is positive or negative between the doublet lines, and + can survive Doppler broadening. For certain values of the pump Rabi + frequency, the sign of the dispersion can be changed by altering + the ratio of the splitting between the lower levels to the Doppler + width. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GoorskeyWBX02, + author = {Goorskey, D. J. and Wang, H. and Burkett, W. H. and + Xiao, M.}, + title = {Effects of a highly dispersive atomic medium inside an + optical ring cavity}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {305-317}, + abstract = {Atomic media inside an optical cavity can + significantly alter the spectral response of the cavity. Both + theoretical and experimental examinations are made of the cavity + transmission with a highly dispersive intracavity multilevel atomic + medium. It is found, owing to the reduced absorption and steep + dispersion change accompanying electromagnetically induced + transparency in such a multi-level atomic medium, that the cavity + linewidth can be made much narrower than the empty cavity + linewidth. Cavity linewidth narrowing is measured as a function of + both the coupling beam power and the atomic density. These + experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical + predictions. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangZ02, + author = {Wang, K. G. and Zhu, S. Y.}, + title = {Atomic storage states}, + journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {19}, + pages = {56-59}, + abstract = {We present a complete description of atomic storage + states which may appear in the electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). The result shows that the spatial coherence has + been included in the atomic collective operators and the atomic + storage states. In some limits, a set of multimode atomic storage + states has been established in correspondence with the multimode + Fock states of the electromagnetic field. This gives a better + understanding of the fact that, in EIT, the optical coherent + information can be preserved and recovered.} +} + +@ARTICLE{TurukhinSSMHH02, + author = {Turukhin, A. V. and Sudarshanam, V. S. and Shahriar, + M. S. and Musser, J. A. and Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R.}, + title = {Observation of ultraslow and stored light pulses in a + solid}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {8802}, + pages = {023602}, + abstract = {We report ultraslow group velocities of light in an + optically dense crystal of Pr doped Y2SiO5. Light speeds as slow as + 45 m/s were observed, corresponding to a group delay of 66 mus. + Deceleration and "stopping" or trapping of the light pulse was also + observed. These reductions of the group velocity are accomplished + by using a sharp spectral feature in absorption and dispersion that + is produced by resonance Raman excitation of a ground-state spin + coherence. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FiurasekLP02, + author = {Fiurasek, J. and Leonhardt, U. and Parentani, R.}, + title = {Slow-light pulses in moving media}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {6501}, + pages = {011802}, + abstract = {Slow light in moving media reaches a counterintuitive + regime when the flow speed of the medium approaches the group + velocity of light. Pulses can penetrate a region where a + counterpropagating flow exceeds the group velocity. When the + counterflow slows down, pulses are reflected. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AlzarMN02, + author = {Alzar, C. L. G. and Martinez, M. A. G. and + Nussenzveig, P.}, + title = {Classical analog of electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Am. J. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {70}, + pages = {37-41}, + abstract = {We present a classical analog of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT). In a system of just two coupled + harmonic oscillators subject to a harmonic driving force, we + reproduce the phenomenology observed in EIT. We also describe a + simple experiment with two linearly coupled RLC circuits which can + be incorporated into an undergraduate laboratory. (C) 2002 American + Association of Physics Teachers. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhangDCXPX01, + author = {Zhang, J. X. and Dong, R. F. and Chang, H. and Xie, C. + D. and Peng, K. C. and Xiao, M.}, + title = {Experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induced + transparency and dispersion effects in Cs atom vapour}, + journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {18}, + pages = {1586-1588}, + abstract = {The effects of the electromagnetically induced + transparency and dispersion of a A-type three-level atomic system + are experimentally measured with a vapour cell of Cs atoms. The + steep dispersion at low absorption is observed. Thus a small group + velocity for the probe beam is inferred from the measured + dispersion curve. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhuL01, + author = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency due to + exciton-phonon interaction in an organic quantum well}, + journal = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {34}, + pages = {L679-L686}, + abstract = {Using the bosonic exciton approximation, we show that + there exists electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an + organic quantum well which includes the interaction of charge- + transfer excitons and phonons. The numerical results indicate that + the strong exciton-phonon interaction plays a key role in the + generation of the EIT. Without the exciton-phonon coupling, the EIT + will disappear immediately. Ultraslow light effects are also + discussed in this system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LinLRYP01, + author = {Lin, F. C. and Lee, J. M. and Rhee, Y. J. and Yi, J. + H. and Park, H.}, + title = {Raman scattering in coherently prepared atomic system}, + journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {18}, + pages = {1473-1475}, + abstract = {Atoms in the coherent superposition state prepared by + a pulse pair are used as a novel optical memory material where a + single interrogation pulse will produce a new pulse pair preserving + the relative amplitudes and phases of the preparing pulse pair. + Such a coherent superposition state can also be specially tailored + along the propagation path to generate Raman scattering in a + relatively short distance with very high efficiency. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoKRWZS01, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Rostovtsev, Y. + and Welch, G. R. and Zibrov, A. S. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Slow, ultraslow, stored, and frozen light}, + journal = {Advan Atom Mol Opt Phys}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {46}, + pages = {191-242}, + abstract = {} +} + +@ARTICLE{AgarwalDM01, + author = {Agarwal, G. S. and Dey, T. N. and Menon, S.}, + title = {Knob for changing light propagation from subluminal to + superluminal}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6405}, + pages = {053809}, + abstract = {We show how the application of a coupling field + connecting the two lower metastable states of a Lambda system can + produce a variety of effects on the propagation of a weak + electromagnetic pulse. In principle the light propagation can be + changed from subluminal to superluminal. The negative group index + results from regions of anomalous dispersion and gain in + susceptibility. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{YanRZ01, + author = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Observation of absorptive photon switching by quantum + interference}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6404}, + pages = {041801}, + abstract = {We report an experimental demonstration of photon + switching by quantum interference in a four-level atomic system + proposed by Harris and Yamamoto [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3611 (1998)]. + Quantum interference inhibits single-photon absorption but enhances + third-order, two-photon-type absorption in the four-level system. + We have observed greatly enhanced nonlinear absorption in the + four-level system realized with cold Rb-87 atoms and demonstrated + fast switching of the nonlinear absorption with a pulsed pump + laser. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoRKZS01, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and Kocharovskaya, + O. and Zibrov, A. S. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Nonadiabatic approach to quantum optical information + storage}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6404}, + pages = {043809}, + abstract = {We show that there is no need for adiabatic passage in + the storage and retrieval of information in the optically thick + vapor of Lambda-type atoms. This information can be mapped into and + retrieved out of long-lived atomic coherence with nearly perfect + efficiency by strong writing and reading pulses with steep rising + and falling edges. We elucidate similarities and differences + between the "adiabatic" and "instant" light storage techniques, and + conclude that for any switching time, an almost perfect information + storage is possible if the group velocity of the signal pulse is + much less than the speed of light in the vacuum c and the bandwidth + of the signal pulse is much less then the width of the two-photon + resonance. The maximum loss of the information appears in the case + of instantaneous switching of the writing and reading fields + compared with adiabatic switching, and is determined by the ratio + of the initial group velocity of the signal pulse in the medium and + speed of light in the vacuum c, which can be very small. Quantum + restrictions to the storage efficiency are also discussed. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ShakhmuratovOCMKM01, + author = {Shakhmuratov, R. N. and Odeurs, J. and Coussement, R. + and Megret, P. and Kozyreff, G. and Mandel, P.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency via adiabatic + following of the nonabsorbing state}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {8715}, + pages = {153601}, + abstract = {It is shown that the adiabatic following of the dark, + nonabsorbing state improves significantly the electromagnetically + induced transparency performance and slows down the group velocity + of the probe pulse. This concept can be used for fast selective + gating of one pulse out of a pulse train. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DengPH01, + author = {Deng, L. and Payne, M. G. and Hagley, E. W.}, + title = {Propagation of light pulse in an ultra-cold atomic + vapor: mechanism for the loss of the probe field}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {198}, + pages = {129-133}, + abstract = {We examine the role of nearby hyper-fine levels in a + threelevel transparency driven system in which a slow group + velocity of light propagation is anticipated. In addition to + accounting for the significant (> 80\%) probe field loss, our + theory can accurately model the significant (near 30\%) pulse + broadening found in two recent experiments. Other excitation + schemes for reducing the absorption from nearby levels are + discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PayneD01, + author = {Payne, M. G. and Deng, L.}, + title = {Extremely slow propagation of a light pulse in an + ultracold atomic vapor: A Raman scheme without electromagnetically + induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6403}, + pages = {031802}, + abstract = {We describe a Raman scheme where the group velocity of + an optical pulse can be altered dramatically. With this none + electromagnetically-induced-transparency scheme, we show that when + on a two-photon resonance, a light pulse can propagate with + extremely slow group velocity. Both pulse narrowing and broadening + can occur depending upon the choice of two-photon detuning. When + using a tuned far-off two-photon resonance, we show that the pulse + propagates "superluminally" in the medium with pulse narrowing. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SilvaMAC01, + author = {Silva, F. and Mompart, J. and Ahufinger, V. and + Corbalen, R.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with a + standing-wave drive in the frequency up-conversion regime}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6403}, + pages = {033802}, + abstract = {We study electromagnetically induced transparency for + a probe traveling-wave (TW) laser field in closed Doppler-broadened + three-level systems driven by a standing-wave (SW) laser field of + moderate intensity (its Rabi frequencies are smaller than the + Doppler width of the driven transition). We show that probe windows + of transparency occur for values of the probe to drive field + frequency ratio R close to half-integer values. For optical + transitions and typical values of Doppler broadening for atoms in a + vapor cell, we show that for R > 1 a SW drive field is appreciably + more efficient than a TW drive in inducing probe transparency. As + examples, we consider parameters for real cascade schemes in barium + atoms with R approximate to 1.5 and in beryllium atoms with R + approximate to 3.5 showing that probe transmission values well + above 50\% are possible for conditions in which it is almost + negligible either without driving field or with only one of the TW + components of the drive. We show that a strongly asymmetric drive + having two TW components with unequal intensities is even more + efficient than a symmetric SW drive in inducing probe transparency. + The case of arbitrary probe intensity is also considered. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LukinI01, + author = {Lukin, M. D. and Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Controlling photons using electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Nature}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {413}, + pages = {273-276}, + abstract = {It is well known that a dielectric medium can be used + to manipulate properties of light pulses. However, optical + absorption limits the extent of possible control: this is + especially important for weak light pulses. Absorption in an opaque + medium can be eliminated via quantum mechanical interference, an + effect known as electromagnetically induced transparency. + Theoretical and experimental work has demonstrated that this + phenomenon can be used to slow down light pulses dramatically, or + even bring them to a complete halt. Interactions between photons in + such an atomic medium can be many orders of magnitude stronger than + in conventional optical materials. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KwonKMPK01, + author = {Kwon, M. and Kim, K. and Moon, H. S. and Park, H. D. + and Kim, J. B.}, + title = {Dependence of electromagnetically induced absorption + on two combinations of orthogonal polarized beams}, + journal = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {34}, + pages = {2951-2961}, + abstract = {We observed quite different spectra for + electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in two cases where the + polarizations of the lasers was orthogonally linear and + counter-rotating circular, respectively. By using the density + matrix equation we were able to try to confirm that the difference + between them may result from the spontaneous transfer process + occurring between subsystems within the system. The experimental + results agree qualitatively well with the simulated spectra in the + Doppler-broadened system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangGX01, + author = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. and Xiao, M.}, + title = {Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity via atomic coherence in a + threelevel atomic system}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {8707}, + pages = {073601}, + abstract = {We measure the Kerr-nonlinear index of refraction of a + threelevel Lambda -type atomic system inside an optical ring + cavity. The Kerr nonlinearity is modified-and greatly enhanced near + atomic resonant conditions for both probe and coupling beams. The + Kerr nonlinear coefficient n(2) changes sign when tli coupling beam + frequency detuning switches sign, which can lead to interesting + applications in optical devices such as all- optical switches. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangLLLW01, + author = {Wang, D. Z. and Li, D. J. and Liu, X. J. and Li, S. Q. + and Wang, Y. Z.}, + title = {Nonlinear theory of light speed reduction in a + three-level Lambda system}, + journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {18}, + pages = {1067-1068}, + abstract = {We present a nonlinear theory of light velocity + reduction in a three-level Lambda system based on + electromagnetically induced transparency. Analysis shows that the + probe field propagates with a velocity that is quite strongly + dependent on its intensity instead of being merely approximately + dependent on the coupling intensity. Moreover, the minimum group + velocity of the probe field is analytically given for a given input + power.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ScullyZ01, + author = {Scully, M. O. and Zubairy, M. S.}, + title = {Quantum search protocol for an atomic array}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6402}, + pages = {022304}, + abstract = {Quantum computers can, in principle, exceed the speed + of ordinary computers by taking advantage of quantum coherence and + entanglement. It is possible to find a "needle in a haystack" of + N-1 straws in only rootN searches by utilizing coherent + superposition states. In the present paper we show how modem + quantum optics may provide a simple and practicable quantum search + procedure, which may also yield insights into quantum search + algorithms in general. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{OpatrnyW01, + author = {Opatrny, T. and Welsch, D. G.}, + title = {Coupled cavities for enhancing the + cross-phase-modulation in electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6402}, + pages = {023805}, + abstract = {We propose an optical double-cavity resonator whose + response to a signal is similar to that of an electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) medium. A combination of such a device + with a four-level EIT medium can serve for achieving large cross- + Kerr modulation of a probe field by a signal field. This would + offer the possibility of building a quantum logic gate based on + photonic qubits. We discuss the technical requirements that are + necessary for realizing a probe-photon phase shift of pi caused by + a single-photon signal. The main difficulty is the requirement of + an ultralow reflectivity beam splitter, and we must be able to + operate a sufficiently dense cool EIT medium in a cavity. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MustecapliogluY01, + author = {Mustecaplioglu, O. E. and You, L.}, + title = {Slow light propagation in trapped atomic quantum + gases}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6401}, + pages = {013604}, + abstract = {We study semiclassical slow light propagation in + trapped twolevel atomic quantum gases. The temperature-dependent + behaviors of both group velocity and transmissions are compared for + low- temperature Bose, Fermi, and Boltzman gases within the local- + density approximation for their spatial density profile.} +} + +@ARTICLE{MustecapliogluY01, + author = {Mustecaplioglu, O. E. and You, L.}, + title = {Propagation of Raman-matched laser pulses through a + BoseEinstein condensate}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {193}, + pages = {301-312}, + abstract = {We investigate the role of non-uniform spatial density + profiles of trapped atomic Bose-Einstein condensates in the + propagation of Raman-matched laser pulses under conditions for + electromagnetically induced transparency (ETT). We find that the + sharp edged axial density profile of an interacting condensate (due + to a balance between external trap and repulsive atomic + interaction) is advantageous for obtaining ultraslow averaged group + velocities. Our results are in good quantitative agreement with a + recent experiment report [Nature 397 (1999) 594]. (C) 2001 + Published by Elsevier Science B.V.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ManassahG01, + author = {Manassah, J. T. and Gladkova, I.}, + title = {Density matrix computation of light slowing and light + storage in a Lambda vapor system}, + journal = {Laser Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {11}, + pages = {801-806}, + abstract = {We compute the light slowing and light storage in a + Lambda vapor system using the full Maxwell-Bloch equations with no + slowly varying envelope approximation in space (SVEAS) in the + expression of Maxwell wave-equation and incorporating both + homogeneous and inhomogeneous dephasing terms in the atomic density + matrix formulation describing the dynamics of the system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KimKMPK01, + author = {Kim, K. and Kwon, M. and Moon, H. S. and Park, H. D. + and Kim, J. B.}, + title = {Measurements of normal and anomalous dispersions in + coherently driven Cs vapors}, + journal = {J. Korean Phys. Soc.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {38}, + pages = {666-669}, + abstract = {Negative and positive dispersions in transitions of + the C-S D-2 line have been measured by setting up a homodyne + Mach-Zehnder interferometer through a coherently driven atomic + system. Anomalous dispersion due to the electromagnetically induced + absorption (EIA) process and normal dispersion due to the + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process were dn/d v + similar or equal to -1.8 x 10-(14) Hz(-1) and 8.7 x 10- (14) + Hz(-1), which corresponded to a negative group velocity v(g) + similar or equal to -c/14 and a positive one v(g) similar or equal + to c/31, respectively. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DogariuKW01, + author = {Dogariu, A. and Kuzmich, A. and Wang, L. J.}, + title = {Transparent anomalous dispersion and superluminal + light-pulse propagation at a negative group velocity}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6305}, + pages = {053806}, + abstract = {Anomalous dispersion cannot occur in a transparent + passive medium where electromagnetic radiation is being absorbed at + all frequencies, as pointed out by Landau and Lifshitz. Here we + show, both theoretically and experimentally, that transparent + linear anomalous dispersion can occur when a gain doublet is + present. Therefore, a superluminal light-pulse propagation can be + observed even at a negative group velocity through a transparent + medium with almost no pulse distortion. + Consequently, a negative transit time is experimentally observed + resulting in the peak of the incident light pulse to exit the + medium even before entering it. This counterintuitive effect is a + direct result of the rephasing process owing to the wave nature of + light and is not at odds with either causality or Einstein's theory + of special relativity. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{YanRZ01, + author = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in cold + atoms}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {26}, + pages = {548-550}, + abstract = {We report an experimental observation of third-order + nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in Rb-87 atoms cooled + and confined in a magneto-optic trap. A coupling laser creates + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a multilevel Rb + system in which the third-order nonlinear absorption is enhanced by + constructive quantum interference while the linear absorption is + inhibited by destructive interference. Our experiment demonstrates + the EIT system proposed by Harris and Yamamoto [Phys. Rev. Lett. + 81, 3611 (1998)], which absorbs two photons but not one photon in + the dressed-state picture. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Nakajima01, + author = {Nakajima, T.}, + title = {Linear and nonlinear optical properties of an + autoionizing medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6304}, + pages = {043804}, + abstract = {We study the linear and nonlinear optical properties + of autoionizing systems under the action of a single-laser field. + It is found that the group velocity is greatly reduced by the + presence of a neighboring autoionizing state. Conditions for + self-focusing or defocusing are also derived for the case of an + isolated autoionizing system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Bortman-ArbivWF01, + author = {Bortman-Arbiv, D. and Wilson-Gordon, A. D. and + Friedmann, H.}, + title = {Phase control of group velocity: From subluminal to + superluminal light propagation}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6304}, + pages = {043818}, + abstract = {We show that the group velocity of a weak pulse tan be + manipulated by controlling the phases of two weak optical fields + applied to a V-shaped three-level system. Such control can even + cause the probe propagation to change from subluminal to + superluminal. We consider two schemes: in the first, the excited + states are coupled by decay-induced coherence, which is an inherent + property of the medium, and in the second, quantum coherence is + created by coupling the excited states to each other by a strong + microwave field. We also discuss the group velocity reduction + experienced by a single weak propagating probe due to decay-induced + coherence. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ParkB01, + author = {Park, Q. H. and Boyd, R. W.}, + title = {Modification of self-induced transparency by a + coherent control field}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {86}, + pages = {2774-2777}, + abstract = {We consider self-induced transparency (SIT) in a + two-level atomic system in the presence of an additional control + laser field. We find that the dynamics of the SIT process an + profoundly modified by the control field, in a manner reminiscent + of the modification of other nonlinear optical interactions through + the process of electromagnetically induced transparency. The + presence of the control field allows SIT to occur under a much + broader range of conditions and leads to dramatically reduced + values of the group velocity of the SIT soliton. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoRFS01, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and Fleischhauer, + M. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Anomalous stimulated Brillouin scattering via + ultraslow light}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {86}, + pages = {2006-2009}, + abstract = {We study stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in an + ultradispersive coherent medium, and show that the properties of + SBS change drastically when the group velocity of light in the + material approaches or becomes less than the speed of sound. In + particular, forward SBS not allowed in a dispersionless bulk medium + takes place in the coherent medium.} +} + +@ARTICLE{RenzoniZVA01, + author = {Renzoni, F. and Zimmermann, C. and Verkerk, P. and + Arimondo, E.}, + title = {Enhanced absorption Hanle effect on the F-g = F -> F-e + = F+1 closed transitions}, + journal = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {3}, + pages = {S7-S14}, + abstract = {We analyse the Hanle effect on a closed F-g --> F-e = + F-g + 1 transition. Two configurations are examined, for linearly + and circularly polarized laser radiation, with the applied magnetic + field collinear to the laser light wavevector. We describe the + peculiarities of the Hanle signal for linearly polarized laser + excitation, characterized by narrow bright resonances at low laser + intensities. The mechanism behind this effect is identified, and + numerical solutions for the optical Bloch equations are presented + for different transitions. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KienH01, + author = {Kien, F. L. and Hakuta, K.}, + title = {Normal modes and propagation dynamics in a strongly + driven Raman medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6302}, + pages = {023807}, + abstract = {We study the collinear propagation of two weak + sideband fields in a far-off-resonance Raman medium driven by a + strong field. We show the existence of two sideband-field + superpositions called normal modes that propagate independently at + different group velocities, one at the vacuum speed of light and + one at a reduced velocity and with an induced relative phase shift. + We find that the effect of slow group velocity on nonlinear + conversion occurs via the relative group delay as well as the + relative phase shift. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PhillipsFMW01, + author = {Phillips, D. F. and Fleischhauer, A. and Mair, A. and + Walsworth, R. L.}, + title = {Storage of light in atomic vapor}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {86}, + pages = {783-786}, + abstract = {We report an experiment in which a light pulse is + effectively decelerated and trapped in a vapor of Rb atoms, stored + for a controlled period of time, and then released on demand. We + accomplish this "storage of light" by dynamically reducing the + group velocity of the light pulse to zero, so that the coherent + excitation of the light is reversibly mapped into a Zeeman (spin) + coherence of the Rb vapor. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KocharovskayaRS01, + author = {Kocharovskaya, O. and Rostovtsev, Y. and Scully, M. + O.}, + title = {Stopping light via hot atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {86}, + pages = {628-631}, + abstract = {We prove that it is possible to freeze a light pulse + (i.e., to bring it to a full stop) or even to make its group + velocity negative in a coherently driven Doppler broadened atomic + medium via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This + remarkable phenomenon of the ultraslow EIT polariton is based on + the spatial dispersion of the refraction index n(w,k), i.e., its + wave number dependence, which is due to atomic motion and provides + a negative contribution to the group velocity. This is related to, + but qualitatively different from, the recently observed light + slowing caused by large temporal (frequency) dispersion. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HussPLKW01, + author = {Huss, A. F. and Peer, N. and Lammegger, R. and + Korsunsky, E. A. and Windholz, L.}, + title = {Efficient Raman sideband generation in a coherent + atomic medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6301}, + pages = {013802}, + abstract = {We demonstrate the efficient generation of Raman + sidebands in a medium coherently prepared in a dark state by + continuous-wave low-intensity laser radiation. Our experiment is + performed in sodium vapor excited in Lambda configuration on the + D-1 line by two laser fields of resonant frequencies omega (1) and + omega (2), and probed by a third field omega (3). First-order + sidebands for frequencies omega (1), omega (2) and up to the + third-order sidebands for frequency omega (3) are observed. The + generation starts at a power as low as 10 muW for each input field. + Dependences of the intensities of both input and generated waves on + the frequency difference (omega (1) - omega (2)), on the frequency + omega (3), and on the optical density an investigated. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LiuDBH01, + author = {Liu, C. and Dutton, Z. and Behroozi, C. H. and Hau, L. + V.}, + title = {Observation of coherent optical information storage in + an atomic medium using halted light pulses}, + journal = {Nature}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {409}, + pages = {490-493}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency(1-3) is a + quantum interference effect that permits the propagation of light + through an otherwise opaque atomic medium; a 'coupling' laser is + used to create the interference necessary to allow the transmission + of resonant pulses from a 'probe' laser. This technique has been + used(4-6) to slow and spatially compress light pulses by seven + orders of magnitude, resulting in their complete localization and + containment within an atomic cloud(4). Here we use + electromagnetically induced transparency to bring laser pulses to a + complete stop in a magnetically trapped, cold cloud of sodium + atoms. Within the spatially localized pulse region, the atoms are + in a superposition state determined by the amplitudes and phases of + the coupling and probe laser fields. Upon sudden turn-off of the + coupling laser, the compressed probe pulse is effectively stopped; + coherent information initially contained in the laser fields is + 'frozen' in the atomic medium for up to 1 ms. The coupling laser is + turned back on at a later time and the probe pulse is regenerated: + the stored coherence is read out and transferred back into the + radiation field. We present a theoretical model that reveals that + the system is self-adjusting to minimize dissipative loss during + the 'read' and 'write' operations. We anticipate applications of + this phenomenon for quantum information processing. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MullerHRWD00, + author = {Muller, M. and Homann, F. and Rinkleff, R. H. and + Wicht, A. and Danzmann, K.}, + title = {Parametric dispersion in electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6206}, + pages = {060501}, + abstract = {We analyze both experimentally and theoretically the + phase shift of a fixed coupling laser field in a Lambda -type + system induced by a tunable probe laser field. The measurements are + performed with a heterodyne interferometer on a beam of cesium + atoms in the D-2 line. This system exhibits electromagnetically + induced transparency with a rapidly varying refractive index. The + parametric dispersion of the coupling field over a range of six + decades of coupling laser intensities is investigated and found to + be in accord with the predictions from the semiclassical model. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangGBX00, + author = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Burkett, W. H. and + Xiao, M.}, + title = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing by means of + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {25}, + pages = {1732-1734}, + abstract = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing in a ring cavity that is + due to the high dispersion and reduced absorption produced by + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in rubidium-atom + vapor has been experimentally observed. The cavity linewidth with + rubidium atoms under EIT conditions can be significantly narrowed. + Cavity-linewidth narrowing was measured as a function of coupling + beam power. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{Harris00, + author = {Harris, S. E.}, + title = {Pondermotive forces with slow light}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {85}, + pages = {4032-4035}, + abstract = {This work describes atomic processes which result from + the greatly enhanced longitudinal gradient force which is inherent + to the propagation of slow light. These processes are (1) ballistic + atom motion and atom surfing, and (2) a type of local pondermotive + nonlinearity or scattering which results from free-particle + sinusoidal motion and the density variation caused by this motion. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{McGloinDF00, + author = {McGloin, D. and Dunn, M. H. and Fulton, D. J.}, + title = {Polarization effects in electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6205}, + pages = {053802}, + abstract = {We demonstrate the magnitude dependence of + electromagnetically induced transparency, in a three-level cascade + scheme in rubidium, on the probe and coupling field polarizations. + We show that this dependence is due to the presence of the + degenerate magnetic sublevels and the strengths of their relative + dipole matrix elements. It is shown that this can lead to modified + absorption profiles when electromagnetically induced transparency + is used for spectroscopic purposes. We present theory that is in + good agreement with our experiments.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ManassahG00, + author = {Manassah, J. T. and Gladkova, I.}, + title = {Modifications due to local field corrections of the + electromagnetically induced transparency propagation parameters in + a driven optically dense three-level cascade system}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {185}, + pages = {125-132}, + abstract = {We compute, under conditions of electromagnetically + induced transparency, the frequency dependence of the transmission + coefficient and the group velocity of a probe pulse resonant with + the lower transition of a three-level cascade system in the + presence of a cw pump field resonant with the system's upper + transition. We show that the presence of local field corrections + can substantially modify the profile of both these + transmission-related quantities. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier + Science B.V. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{CarusottoAL00, + author = {Carusotto, I. and Artoni, M. and La Rocca, G. C.}, + title = {Atomic recoil effects in slow light propagation}, + journal = {Jetp Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {72}, + pages = {289-293}, + abstract = {We theoretically investigate the effect of atomic + recoil on the propagation of ultraslow light pulses through a + coherently driven Bose-Einstein condensed gas. For a sample at + rest, the group velocity of the light pulse is the sum of the group + velocity that one would observe in the absence of mechanical + effects (infinite mass limit) and the velocity of the recoiling + atoms (light-dragging effect). We predict that atomic recoil may + give rise to a lower bound for the observable group velocities, as + well as to pulse propagation at negative group velocities without + appreciable absorption. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka / Interperiodica". + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KienH00, + author = {Kien, F. L. and Hakuta, K.}, + title = {Stimulated Raman scattering with slow light}, + journal = {Can. J. Phys.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {78}, + pages = {543-559}, + abstract = {We study the propagation dynamics of weak Raman + sideband fields in a far-off-resonance Raman medium driven by a + strong coupling field. We show that the interaction of the system + with the strong field, under the conditions of high density, narrow + Raman-transition width, and small two-photon detuning, results in a + slow group velocity and a substantial enhancement of the injected + anti-Stokes sideband field as well as an efficient generation of a + Stokes sideband field. We find that the effective group velocity is + the same for the two weak fields and is proportional to the field + frequency difference instead of the frequency of the corresponding + field. We also discuss the condition for exponential growth of the + two sideband fields in the medium. We perform numerical + calculations for solid hydrogen, a realistic system where the + requirements for high density and small Raman width can be met. We + demonstrate that the group velocity can be slowed down by several + orders, and that the slow light plays a key role for the stimulated + Raman scattering process in solid hydrogen. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SautenkovLBNMFVWS00, + author = {Sautenkov, V. A. and Lukin, M. D. and Bednar, C. J. + and Novikova, I. and Mikhailov, E. and Fleischhauer, M. and + Velichansky, V. L. and Welch, G. R. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Enhancement of magneto-optic effects via large atomic + coherence in optically dense media}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6202}, + pages = {023810}, + abstract = {We utilize the generation of large atomic coherence in + optically dense media to enhance the resonant nonlinear + magneto-optic effect by several orders of magnitude, thereby + eliminating power broadening and improving the fundamental + signal-to-noise ratio. A proof-of-principle experiment is carried + out in a dense vapor of Rb atoms. Applications such as optical + magnetometry, the search for Violations of parity and time-reversal + symmetry, and nonlinear optics at low light levels are feasible. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MorigiA00, + author = {Morigi, G. and Agarwal, G. S.}, + title = {Temperature variation of ultraslow light in a cold + gas}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6201}, + pages = {013801}, + abstract = {A model is developed to explain the temperature + dependence of the group velocity as observed in the experiments of + Hau et al. [Nature (London) 397, 594 (1999)]. The group velocity is + quite sensitive to the change in the spatial density. The + inhomogeneity in the density and its temperature dependence are + primarily responsible for the observed behavior. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Khurgin00, + author = {Khurgin, J. B.}, + title = {Light slowing down in Moire fiber gratings and its + implications for nonlinear optics}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6201}, + pages = {013821}, + abstract = {A theory of the dispersion in the Moire gratings is + developed and it is shown that the group velocity of light in them + can be reduced by up to three orders of magnitude. A conceptual + similarity between Moire grating and the electro-magneticinduced + transparency medium is demonstrated, and it is argued that for some + applications the Moire gratings present a simple viable alternative + to electromagnetically induced transparency.} +} + +@ARTICLE{WangKD00, + author = {Wang, L. J. and Kuzmich, A. and Dogariu, A.}, + title = {Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation}, + journal = {Nature}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {406}, + pages = {277-279}, + abstract = {Einstein's theory of special relativity and the + principle of causality(1-4) imply that the speed of any moving + object cannot exceed that of light in a vacuum (c). Nevertheless, + there exist various proposals(5-18) for observing faster-than-c + propagation of light pulses, using anomalous dispersion near an + absorption line(4,6-8), nonlinear(9) and linear gain lines(10-18), + or tunnelling barriers(19). However, in all previous experimental + demonstrations, the light pulses experienced either very large + absorption(7) or severe reshaping(9,19), resulting in controversies + over the interpretation. Here we use gainassisted linear + anomalous dispersion to demonstrate superluminal light propagation + in atomic caesium gas. The group velocity of a laser pulse in this + region exceeds c and can even become negative(16,17), while the + shape of the pulse is preserved. We measure a group-velocity index + of n(g) = -310(+/- 5); in practice, this means that a light pulse + propagating through the atomic vapour cell appears at the exit side + so much earlier than if it had propagated the same distance in a + vacuum that the peak of the pulse appears to leave the cell before + entering it. The observed superluminal light pulse propagation is + not at odds with causality, being a direct consequence of classical + interference between its different frequency components in an + anomalous dispersion region. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoRCS00, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and Cummins, H. Z. + and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Using slow light to enhance acousto-optical effects: + Application to squeezed light}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {84}, + pages = {5752-5755}, + abstract = {We propose a technique for achieving phase matching in + Brillouin scattering in a dielectric fiber doped by three-level + Lambda-type ions. This can lead to a dramatic increase of + efficiency of ponderomotive nonlinear interaction between the + electromagnetic waves and holds promise for applications in quantum + optics such as squeezing and quantum nondemolition measurements. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Imamoglu00, + author = {Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with two + dimensional electron spins}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {179}, + pages = {179-182}, + abstract = {The electronic spin degrees of freedom in + semiconductors have coherence times that are several orders of + magnitude longer than other relevant timescales. We show that + application of a pair of laser fields, whose frequencies differ by + the Zeeman splitting, gives rise to electromagnetically induced + transparency in an optically dense two-dimensional electron gas + under high magnetic fields. Even though reduction in group velocity + and enhancement of photon-photon interaction is largest for filling + factor nu = 1, the effect should be observable for any 1 less than + or equal to nu < 2. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights + reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerYL00, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Yelin, S. F. and Lukin, M. D.}, + title = {How to trap photons? Storing single-photon quantum + states in collective atomic excitations}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {179}, + pages = {395-410}, + abstract = {We show that it is possible to 'store' quantum states + of single-photon fields by mapping them onto collective meta- + stable states of an optically dense, coherently driven medium + inside an optical resonator. An adiabatic technique is suggested + which allows to transfer non-classical. correlations from + traveling-wave single-photon wave-packets into atomic states and + vise versa with nearly 100\% efficiency. In contrast to previous + approaches involving single atoms, the present technique does not + require the strong coupling regime corresponding to high-Q + micro-cavities. Instead, intracavity electromagnetically Induced + Transparency is used to achieve a strong coupling between the + cavity mode and the atoms. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All + rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerL00, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Lukin, M. D.}, + title = {Dark-state polaritons in electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {84}, + pages = {5094-5097}, + abstract = {We identify form-stable coupled excitations of light + and matter ("dark-state polaritons") associated with the + propagation of quantum fields in electromagnetically induced + transparency. The properties of dark-state polaritons such as the + group velocity are determined by the mixing angle between light and + matter components and can be controlled by an external coherent + field as the pulse propagates. In particular, light pulses can be + decelerated and "trapped" in which case their shape and quantum + state are mapped onto metastable collective states of matter. + Possible applications of this reversible coherent-control technique + are discussed. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{RenzoniA00, + author = {Renzoni, F. and Arimondo, E.}, + title = {Steep dispersion in coherent population trapping with + losses}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {178}, + pages = {345-353}, + abstract = {The dispersive properties of coherent population + trapping with losses are investigated. We consider a cold sample of + open three-level atoms interacting with two laser fields in the + Lambda configuration. We show that despite the population losses + the slope of the dispersion at Raman resonance reaches at large + interaction time a constant nonzero value. A numerical study of the + propagation of a pulse in the medium in the presence of a strong + coupling field shows that very small group velocities for the pulse + are obtained also in the presence of population losses. (C) 2000 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerLMS00, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Lukin, M. D. and Matsko, A. B. + and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Threshold and linewidth of a mirrorless parametric + oscillator}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {84}, + pages = {3558-3561}, + abstract = {We analyze the above-threshold behavior of a + mirrorless parametric oscillator based on resonantly enhanced + four-wave mixing in a dense atomic vapor. It is shown that, in the + ideal limit, an arbitrary small flux of pump photons is sufficient + to reach the oscillator threshold. We demonstrate that, due to the + large group velocity delays associated with electromagnetically + induced transparency, an extremely narrow oscillator linewidth is + possible, making a narrow-band source of nonclassical radiation + feasible. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LeonhardtP00, + author = {Leonhardt, U. and Piwnicki, P.}, + title = {Relativistic effects of light in moving media with + extremely low group velocity}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {84}, + pages = {822-825}, + abstract = {A moving dielectric medium acts as an effective + gravitational field on light. One can use media with extremely low + group velocities [Lene Vestergaard Hau ct al., Nature (London) 397, + 593(1999)] to create dielectric analogs of astronomical effects on + Earth. In particular, a vortex flow imprints a long-ranging + topological effect on incident light and can behave like an optical + black hole. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AkulshinBL99, + author = {Akulshin, A. M. and Barreiro, S. and Lezama, A.}, + title = {Steep anomalous dispersion in coherently prepared Rb + vapor}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {83}, + pages = {4277-4280}, + abstract = {Steep dispersion of opposite signs in driven + degenerate twolevel atomic transitions have been predicted and + observed on the D-2 line of Rb-87 in an optically thin vapor cell. + The intensity dependence of the anomalous dispersion has been + studied. The maximum observed value of anomalous dispersion (dn/d + nu similar or equal to -6 x 10(-11) Hz(-1)) corresponds to a + negative group velocity V-g similar or equal to -c/23 000.} +} + +@ARTICLE{BudkerKRY99, + author = {Budker, D. and Kimball, D. F. and Rochester, S. M. and + Yashchuk, V. V.}, + title = {Nonlinear magneto-optics and reduced group velocity of + light in atomic vapor with slow ground state relaxation}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {83}, + pages = {1767-1770}, + abstract = {The dynamics of resonant light propagation in rubidium + vapor in a cell with antirelaxation wall coating are investigated. + We change the polarization of the input light and measure the time + dependence of the polarization after the cell. The observed + dynamics are shown to be analogous to those in electromagnetically + induced transparency. Spectral dependence of light pulse delays is + found to be similar to that of nonlinear magneto-optic rotation. + Delays up to approximate to 13 ms are observed, corresponding to a + 8 m/s group velocity. Fields of a few microgauss are used to + control the group velocity. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KashSZHWLRFS99, + author = {Kash, M. M. and Sautenkov, V. A. and Zibrov, A. S. and + Hollberg, L. and Welch, G. R. and Lukin, M. D. and Rostovtsev, Y. + and Fry, E. S. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Ultraslow group velocity and enhanced nonlinear + optical effects in a coherently driven hot atomic gas}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {82}, + pages = {5229-5232}, + abstract = {We report the observation of small group velocities of + order 90 m/s and large group delays of greater than 0.26 ms, in an + optically dense hot rubidium gas (approximate to 360 K). Media of + this kind yield strong nonlinear interactions between very weak + optical fields and very sharp spectral features. The result is in + agreement with previous studies on nonlinear spectroscopy of dense + coherent media. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HarrisS98, + author = {Harris, S. E. and Sokolov, A. V.}, + title = {Subfemtosecond pulse generation by molecular + modulation}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {81}, + pages = {2894-2897}, + abstract = {We suggest a technique for producing subfemtosecond + pulses of radiation. The technique is based on using + electromagnetically induced transparency to produce a strongly + driven molecular coherence. This coherence results in a Raman + spectrum with Bessel function amplitudes and phases corresponding + to a frequency modulated signal, thereby allowing compression by + the group velocity dispersion of the same medium. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtWHM96, + author = {Schmidt, O. and Wynands, R. and Hussein, Z. and + Meschede, D.}, + title = {Steep dispersion and group velocity below c/3000 in + coherent population trapping}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {53}, + pages = {R27-R30}, + abstract = {We have measured the index of refraction in the region + of a coherent population trapping resonance in a cesium vapor cell + with an interferometric technique. We find very high normal + dispersion (up to dn/df=9.7x10(-12) Hz(-1)) at low absorption. From + our spectra we obtain very small group velocities below c/3000. + This corresponds to a delay time of more than 200 ns for a cesium + cell 20 mm in length, equivalent to more than 60 m of propagation + in vacuum. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HarrisFK92, + author = {Harris, S. E. and Field, J. E. and Kasapi, A.}, + title = {Dispersive properties of electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1992}, + volume = {46}, + pages = {R29-R32}, + abstract = {An atomic transition that has been made transparent by + applying an additional electromagnetic field exhibits a rapidly + varying refractive index with zero group velocity dispersion at + line center. A 10-cm-long Pb vapor cell at an atom density of 7 x + 10(15) atoms/cm3 and probed on its 283-nm resonance transition has + a calculated optical delay of 83 ns [(c/V(G)) = 250].} +} + |