From b202b96ef683da0a937fa9da01306f1e459e8082 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Eugeniy Mikhailov Date: Thu, 10 Nov 2011 09:33:30 -0500 Subject: added bib files --- eit_1995_2003.bib | 2710 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 2710 insertions(+) create mode 100644 eit_1995_2003.bib (limited to 'eit_1995_2003.bib') diff --git a/eit_1995_2003.bib b/eit_1995_2003.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33348b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/eit_1995_2003.bib @@ -0,0 +1,2710 @@ +This file was automatically generated from entries from the ISI (Institute +for Scientific Information) databases of scientific and other academic +documents, using isi2bibtex version 0.4, a perl script which converts ISI or +BIDS format files to BibTeX format files for inclusion in documents typeset +using the LaTeX document processor. + +Try perldoc isi2bibtex for instructions, or read the script. + +This file generated on Wednesday 27th May 2003, from file +'/home/evmik/dl/CIW.cgi', which has no subject line. + +@ARTICLE{FangXDJ03, + author = {Fang, A. P. and Xu, H. L. and Dai, Z. W. and Jiang, Z. + K.}, + title = {Theoretical study of electromagnetically induced + transparency in Er3+: YAlO3 crystal}, + journal = {Physica B}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {328}, + pages = {204-210}, + abstract = {By using the density matrix theory of interaction + between light and matter, and relevant parameter calculations of + the relaxation rate, the dipole matrix elements and the ion density + for a three-level ladder model, we have discussed theoretically the + possibility to realize electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in Er3+:YA1O(3) crystal. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All + rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Xiao03, + author = {Xiao, M.}, + title = {Novel linear and nonlinear optical properties of + electromagnetically induced transparency systems}, + journal = {IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {86-92}, + abstract = {We describe some interesting linear and nonlinear + optical properties of three-level electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) systems, such as absorption reduction, sharp + dispersion change, and enhanced Kerr nonlinearity. These novel + optical properties are very useful in enhancing efficient nonlinear + optical processes, which can find applications in optoelectronic + devices. We present some experiments done in our group in the past + few years with three-level atomic systems, especially more recent + experiments with EIT medium inside an optical cavity. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WuWZ03, + author = {Wu, Y. and Wen, L. L. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Efficient hyper-Raman scattering in resonant coherent + media}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {28}, + pages = {631-633}, + abstract = {We propose and analyze a hyper-Raman scheme for + generation of coherent light in a five-level atomic system based on + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that EIT + suppresses linear and nonlinear photon absorption and enables the + hyper-Raman process to proceed through real, nearresonant + intermediate states. The scheme greatly enhances hyper-Raman + efficiency and may be used for generating short- wavelength + radiation at low pump intensities. (C) 2003 Optical Society of + America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LiS03, + author = {Li, Y. F. and Sun, J. F.}, + title = {Ultra-narrow electromagnetically induced transparency + and inversionless gain in a ladder-four-level system}, + journal = {Acta Phys. Sin.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {52}, + pages = {547-555}, + abstract = {In this paper, we study the effects of Rabi + frequencies and multi-path radiation on the electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) and the inversionless gain in a ladder- + four-level system driven by two-coherent fields. The Rabi + frequencies of the field-driven transition from the upper level to + middle levels play an important role for the realization of the + ultra-narrow EIT and inversionless gain. Different excitation + mechanism can change the position of the EIT. The action of the + spontaneous alignment of the dipole moment is investigated. The + explanation for the numerical results is presented using the theory + of dressed state. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PaternostroKH03, + author = {Paternostro, M. and Kim, M. S. and Ham, B. S.}, + title = {Generation of entangled coherent states via + cross-phasemodulation in a double electromagnetically induced + transparency regime}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023811}, + abstract = {The generation of an entangled coherent state is one + of the most important ingredients of quantum information processing + using coherent states. Recently, numerous schemes to achieve this + task have been proposed. In order to generate travellingwave + entangled coherent states, cross-phase-modulation, optimized by + optical Kerr effect enhancement in a dense medium in an + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) regime, seems to be + very promising. In this scenario, we propose a fully quantized + model of a double-EIT scheme recently proposed [D. Petrosyan and G. + Kurizki, Phys. Rev. A 65, 33 833 (2002)]: the quantization step is + performed adopting a fully Hamiltonian approach. This allows us to + write effective equations of motion for two interacting quantum + fields of light that show how the dynamics of one field depends on + the photon-number operator of the other. The preparation of a + Schrodinger cat state, which is a superposition of two distinct + coherent states, is briefly exposed. This is based on nonlinear + interaction via double EIT of two light fields (initially prepared + in coherent states) and on a detection step performed using a 50:50 + beam splitter and two photodetectors. In order to show the + entanglement of an entangled coherent state, we suggest to measure + the joint quadrature variance of the field. We show that the + entangled coherent states satisfy the sufficient condition for + entanglement based on quadrature variance measurement. We also show + how robust our scheme is against a low detection efficiency of + homodyne detectors. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AgarwalD03, + author = {Agarwal, G. S. and Dasgupta, S.}, + title = {Laser-induced breakdown of the magnetic-field-reversal + symmetry in the propagation of unpolarized light}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023814}, + abstract = {We show how a medium, under the influence of a + coherent control field that is resonant or close to resonance to an + appropriate atomic transition, can lead to very strong asymmetries + in the propagation of unpolarized light when the direction of the + magnetic field is reversed. We show how electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) can be used in atomic vapor to mimic this + magnetochiral effect that occurs in natural systems. EIT can + produce much larger asymmetry than the well-known magnetochiral + effect as we use the dipole-allowed transitions here. Using + density-matrix calculations we present results for the breakdown of + the magnetic-field-reversal symmetry for two different atomic + configurations. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GreentreeRVDdSM03, + author = {Greentree, A. D. and Richards, D. and Vaccaro, J. A. + and Durrant, A. V. and de Echaniz, S. R. and Segal, D. M. and + Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Intensity-dependent dispersion under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency in coherently prepared + multistate atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {023818}, + abstract = {Interest in lossless nonlinearities has focussed on + the dispersive properties of Lambda systems under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We generalize the + Lambda system by introducing further degenerate states to realize a + "chain Lambda" atom where multiple coupling of the probe field + significantly enhances the intensity-dependent dispersion without + compromising the EIT condition. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhuL02, + author = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency mediated by + phonons in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {75}, + pages = {861-864}, + abstract = {It is shown theoretically that electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT), due to strong exciton-phonon coupling + can occur in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems such as + polymers and organic semiconductors and lead to ultra-slow light + effects. The results indicate that the strong coupling of excitons + and phonons is important, but the excitonexciton interaction + plays a small role in the generation of the EIT. Numerical results + for polydiacetylene-toluene sulfonate are also presented. This EIT + in a solid-state medium might be utilized for efficient multiwave + mixing and quantum nondemolition measurements, as well as for novel + acousto- optical devices. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhangJSDW03, + author = {Zhang, Y. L. and Jiang, L. and Sun, Z. R. and Ding, L. + E. and Wang, Z. G.}, + title = {Effect of four-wave mixing on electromagnetically + induced transparency in Lambda-type system with a two-photon probe + field}, + journal = {Chin. Phys.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {12}, + pages = {174-177}, + abstract = {Using density matrix equation, we calculate + analytically as well as numerically the effect of the four-wave + mixing (FWM) field on electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in the rubidium 5S(1/2)-5P(3/2)-5D(5/2) Lambda-type system + with a twophoton probe field. The calculated results are in good + agreement with Fulton's experimental results in 1995.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ValenteFL03, + author = {Valente, P. and Failache, H. and Lezama, A.}, + title = {Temporal buildup of electromagnetically induced + transparency and absorption resonances in degenerate two-level + transitions}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {013806}, + abstract = {The temporal evolution of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) coherence resonances in + pump-probe spectroscopy of degenerate two-level atomic transition + is studied for light intensities below saturation. Analytical + expressions for the transient absorption spectra are given for + simple model systems and a model for the calculation of the + time-dependent response of realistic atomic transitions, where the + Zeeman degeneracy is fully accounted for, is presented. EIT and EIA + resonances have a similar (opposite sign) time-dependent line + shape, however, the EIA evolution is slower and thus narrower lines + are observed for long interaction time. Qualitative agreement with + the theoretical predictions is obtained for the transient probe + absorption on the Rb-85 D-2 line in an atomic beam experiment. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WuSZ03, + author = {Wu, Y. and Saldana, J. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Large enhancement of four-wave mixing by suppression + of photon absorption from electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {67}, + pages = {013811}, + abstract = {We analyze a four-wave-mixing (FWM) scheme in a + five-level atomic system based on electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). We show that EIT suppresses both two-photon and + threephoton absorptions in the FWM scheme and enables the + four-wave mixing to proceed through real, resonant intermediate + states without absorption loss. The scheme results in a several + orders of magnitude increase in the FWM efficiency in comparison + with a recent scheme [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 143902 (2002)] and may + be used for generating short-wavelength radiation at low pump + intensities. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{XuLBWG03, + author = {Xu, J. H. and La Rocca, G. C. and Bassani, F. and + Wang, D. and Gao, J. Y.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced one-photon and two-photon + transparency in rubidium atoms}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2003}, + volume = {216}, + pages = {157-164}, + abstract = {We investigate electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) for one-photon and resonant two-photon + transitions in rubidium atomic vapors. One-photon transparency is + obtained in the 5S5P-5D three level ladder system. At the same + time, we study electromagnetically induced transparency in the + two-photon transition (EITT) from the 5S to the 7S state resonant + with the 5P intermediate state, when the latter is coupled to the + 5D state by a control beam. The dependence of the transparency + profile on the controlling laser intensity, linewidth, and detuning + is investigated. Experimental results are obtained for isotopes + Rb-85 and Rb-87 characterized by different hyperfine structures. + Our findings for both the one-photon and the resonant two-photon + transparency agree well with the prediction from three and + four-level theory, respectively, with independently determined + spectroscopic parameters. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights + reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KuznetsovaKHS02, + author = {Kuznetsova, E. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Hemmer, P. + and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Atomic interference phenomena in solids with a + long-lived spin coherence}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {063802}, + abstract = {We generalize the theory of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) and slow group velocity for the case of + the homogeneous and inhomogeneous line broadening in both oneand + two-photon transitions which unavoidably takes place in solid + materials with a long-lived spin coherence. We identify regimes of + EIT where the linewidth can be essentially reduced due to + inhomogeneous broadening and, moreover, can be proportional to the + amplitude of the driving field rather than the intensity. We + suggest also a class of solid materials, namely, rare-earth ion + doped semiconductors or dielectrics with electricdipole allowed + transitions, that is very promising for realization and + applications of EIT. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PatnaikLH02, + author = {Patnaik, A. K. and Liang, J. Q. and Hakuta, K.}, + title = {Slow light propagation in a thin optical fiber via + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {063808}, + abstract = {We propose a configuration that utilizes + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to tailor a fiber + mode propagating inside a thin optical fiber and coherently control + its dispersion properties to drastically reduce the group velocity + of the fiber mode. The key to this proposal is that the evanescent + field of the thin fiber strongly couples with the surrounding + active medium, so that the EIT condition is met by the medium. We + show how the properties of the fiber mode are modified due to the + EIT medium, both numerically and analytically. We demonstrate that + the group velocity of the modified fiber mode can be drastically + reduced (approximate to44 m/sec) using the coherently prepared + orthohydrogen doped in a matrix of parahydrogen crystal as the EIT + medium.} +} + +@ARTICLE{JohnssonF02, + author = {Johnsson, M. T. and Fleischhauer, M.}, + title = {Quantum theory of resonantly enhanced four-wave + mixing: Meanfield and exact numerical solutions}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {043808}, + abstract = {We present a full quantum analysis of resonant forward + fourwave mixing based on electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT). In particular, we study the regime of efficient nonlinear + conversion with low-intensity fields that has been predicted from a + semiclassical analysis. We derive an effective nonlinear + interaction Hamiltonian in the adiabatic limit. In contrast to + conventional nonlinear optics, this Hamiltonian does not have a + power expansion in the fields and the conversion length decreases + with decreasing input power. We analyze the stationary wave-mixing + process in the forward scattering configuration using an exact + numerical analysis for up to 10(3) input photons and compare the + results with a mean- field approach. Due to quantum effects, + complete conversion from the two pump fields into the signal and + idler modes is achieved only asymptotically for large coherent pump + intensities or for pump fields in few-photon Fock states. The + signal and idler fields are perfectly quantum correlated which has + potential applications in quantum communication schemes. We also + discuss the implementation of a single-photon phase gate for + continuous quantum computation. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KryachkoLT02, + author = {Kryachko, A. Y. and Litvak, A. G. and Tokman, M. D.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in + high-temperature magnetoactive plasma}, + journal = {J. Exp. Theor. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {95}, + pages = {697-704}, + abstract = {We investigate a classical analog of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) currently popular in + quantum electronics. We consider EIT for electron cyclotron waves + in finite-temperature plasma. We derive an expression for the + effective refractive index of an electromagnetic wave and study the + dispersion and absorption of this wave under EIT conditions. + Allowance for thermal motion is shown to radically change the + behavior of the dispersion curves for the signal wave in the EIT + region compared to the case of cold plasma. (C) 2002 MAIK + "Nauka/Interperiodica". + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ThanopulosS02, + author = {Thanopulos, I. and Shapiro, M.}, + title = {Slowing down of light by laser induced barrier + hopping}, + journal = {J. Chem. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {117}, + pages = {8404-8411}, + abstract = {We suggest that a very significant reduction in the + group velocity of light occurs in a laser induced barrier-hopping + process, known as "Laser Catalysis.'' In this process a system is + made to hop over a potential barrier via a virtual transition to an + excited bound state. As in electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT), the light absorption is predicted to dip to zero at a + certain frequency, thereby also changing the refractive index, + inducing in turn the slowing down of the group velocity of the + light. In contrast to EIT, a single pulse is predicted to induce + its own transparency and in contrast to self-induced transparency + the process is predicted to be insensitive to the pulse area (as + long as the pulse is intense enough to meet the adiabaticity + criterion). Thus, the medium becomes transparent to the light, as + the laser induced barrierhopping process brings about a + fundamental change in the medium. (C) 2002 American Institute of + Physics. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AhufingerCCBMF02, + author = {Ahufinger, V. and Corbalan, R. and Cataliotti, F. and + Burger, S. and Minardi, F. and Fort, C.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in a + Bose-Einstein condensate}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {211}, + pages = {159-165}, + abstract = {We report on the direct observation of the + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) lineshape of cold + Rb-87 atoms above and below the transition temperature for + Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Similar results are observed in + both temperature regimes, with an absorption reduction of about + 60\%. Good agreement with a theoretical model is discussed. (C) + 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + + +@ARTICLE{MewesF02, + author = {Mewes, C. and Fleischhauer, M.}, + title = {Two-photon linewidth of light "stopping" via + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {033820}, + abstract = {We analyze the two-photon linewidth of a recently + proposed adiabatic transfer technique for "stopping" of light using + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We show that a + successful and reliable transfer of excitation from light to atoms + and back can be achieved if the spectrum of the input probe pulse + lies within the initial transparency window of EIT, and the + two-photon detuning delta is less than the collective coupling + strength (collective vacuum Rabi frequency) grootN divided by + rootgammaT, with gamma being the radiative decay rate, N being the + effective number of atoms in the sample, and T being the pulse + duration. Hence in an optically thick medium light "storage" and + retrieval is possible with high fidelity even for systems with + rather large two-photon detuning or inhomogeneous broadening. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LiNS02, + author = {Li, Y. F. and Niu, Y. P. and Sun, J. F.}, + title = {The effect of resonant four-wave-mixing on + electromagnetically induced transparency in Lambda-type system + employing a twophoton field}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {301}, + pages = {195-202}, + abstract = {Four-wave-mixing has been considered in a A-type + system to make clear the asymmetry occurred in EIT profile which + had been realized experimentally in Phys. Rev. A 52 (1995) 2302. We + present both analytical and numerical calculation to explain the + reason. In the case of Doppler-free for the two-photon probe field, + why EIT dip was not detected is also been demonstrated. (C) 2002 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ShvetsW02, + author = {Shvets, G. and Wurtele, J. S.}, + title = {Transparency of magnetized plasma at the cyclotron + frequency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {89}, + pages = {115003}, + abstract = {Electromagnetic radiation is strongly absorbed by a + magnetized plasma if the radiation frequency equals the cyclotron + frequency of plasma electrons. It is demonstrated that absorption + can be completely canceled in the presence of a magnetostatic field + of an undulator, or a second radiation beam, resulting in plasma + transparency at the cyclotron frequency. This effect is reminiscent + of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of + three-level atomic systems, except that it occurs in a completely + classical plasma. Unlike the atomic systems, where all the excited + levels required for EIT exist in each atom, this classical EIT + requires the excitation of nonlocal plasma oscillation. A + Lagrangian description was used to elucidate the physics of the + plasma transparency and control of group and phase velocity. This + control leads to applications for electromagnetic pulse compression + and electron/ion acceleration. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{JavanKLS02, + author = {Javan, A. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Lee, H. and + Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Narrowing of electromagnetically induced transparency + resonance in a Doppler-broadened medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {66}, + pages = {013805}, + abstract = {We derive an analytic expression for the linewidth of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance in a + Doppler-broadened system. It is shown here that for relatively low + intensity of the driving field the EIT linewidth is proportional to + the square root of intensity and is independent of the Doppler + width, similar to the laser-induced line narrowing effect described + by Feld and Javan. In the limit of high intensity we recover the + usual power-broadening case where the EIT linewidth is proportional + to the intensity and inversely proportional to the Doppler width. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DengHKAP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and + Akamatsu, D. and Payne, M. G.}, + title = {Achieving very-low-loss group velocity reduction + without electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {81}, + pages = {1168-1170}, + abstract = {A Raman method is studied experimentally for potential + opticalwave group velocity reduction in resonant medium. + Specifically, we show that the proposed method can achieve + significant group velocity reduction comparable to the conventional + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) method that had been + exclusively used to date. In addition, we show that this method has + a significantly lower loss compared to the EIT method, and has rich + dynamics such as probe pulse narrowing. Such features have + applications in the domain of telecommunication technology. (C) + 2002 American Institute of Physics. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ArtoniBCL02, + author = {Artoni, M. and Bassani, F. and Carusotto, I. and La + Rocca, G. C.}, + title = {The regime of electromagnetically induced transparency + in optically dense media: from atoms to excitons}, + journal = {Braz. J. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {32}, + pages = {275-283}, + abstract = {The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) was discovered by Adriano Gozzini and coworkers + in 1976 in Pisa. Novel schemes to investigate and exploit EIT in + the optical domain have attracted much interest both in atomic and + solid state systems. We discuss some of our recent theoretical + results, in particular: i) a well developed EIT regime based on + free exciton levels in undoped bulk crystalline Cu2O; ii) light + dragging effects in moving media under EIT; iii) the coherent + control of Cherenkov radiation in the EIT regime. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhaoWXZYJ02, + author = {Zhao, J. M. and Wang, L. R. and Xiao, L. T. and Zhao, + Y. T. and Yin, W. B. and Jia, S. T.}, + title = {Experimental measurement of absorption and dispersion + in V-type cesium atom}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {206}, + pages = {341-345}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is + observed in a three-level V-type system in cesium vapor at room + temperature. The absorption and dispersion properties are measured + under the condition that the coupling frequency is exactly + resonance with transition 6S(1,2) (F = 4) to 6P(3,2) (F' = 3) while + the probe frequency is scanned across the transitions from the + 6S(1,2) (F = 4) to all structures of the 6P(3,2). The effects of + detuning of the coupling beam are studied. The results of the + experiment agree with the simple theoretical analysis. (C) 2002 + Published by Elsevier Science B.V. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WuG02, + author = {Wu, J. H. and Gao, J. Y.}, + title = {Absorption properties of a driven Doppler-broadened + ladder system with hyperfine structure}, + journal = {Chin. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {11}, + pages = {572-577}, + abstract = {We have studied the absorption spectrum of a + Doppler-broadened ladder system, where the highest level is coupled + into two middle hyperfine sublevels by a strong coherent field. We + find that, when the system is considered as homogeneous, either two + or three spectral components are observed, depending on the + detuning of the coherent field. But when the velocity distribution + of atoms is considered, we can always observe one + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) window with high + dispersion. So the atomic hyperfine structure cannot be an + impediment for obtaining FIT. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DengHKP02, + author = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and Payne, + M. G.}, + title = {Optical-wave group-velocity reduction without + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {051805}, + abstract = {A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group-velocity + reduction in a pure lifetime broadened system is studied. We show + that this nonelectromagnetically induced transparency (NEIT) scheme + has many advantages over the conventional method that critically + relies on the transparency window created by an EIT process. + Significant reduction of the group velocity, probe field loss, and + pulse distortion are reported. In addition, rich dynamics of the + propagation process are studied. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{CardimonaH02, + author = {Cardimona, D. A. and Huang, D. H.}, + title = {Connection of off-diagonal radiative-decay coupling to + electromagnetically induced transparency and amplification without + inversion in a three-level atomic system}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {033828}, + abstract = {The equivalence between the off-diagonal + radiative-decay coupling (ODRDC) effect in the bare-atom picture of + a threelevel atomic system [see Cardimona et al., J. Phys. B 15, + 55 (1982)] and the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) + effect in the dressed-atom picture [see Imamoglu et al., Opt. Lett. + 14, 1344 (1989)] is uncovered and a full comparison of their + physical origins is given. The mechanism for both ODRDC and Harris' + EIT is found to be a consequence of the quantum interference + between a direct absorption path and an indirect absorption path + mediated by either a self absorption of spontaneous photons or a + Fano-type coupling. A connection is then pointed out between the + effects of probe-field gain (PFG) based on an ODRDC process [see + Huang et al., Phys. Rev. A 64, 013822 (2001)] and amplification + without inversion (AWI) [see Fearn et al., Opt. Commun. 87, 323 + (1992)] in the bare-atom picture of a three-level atomic system. + The PFG effect is found as a result of transferring electrons + between the two upper levels due to the phase-sensitive coherence + provided by a laser-induced ODRDC process, while the AWI effect to + one of the two probe fields is attributed to its coupling to a + strong laser field generating an off-resonant gain through an + induced nonlinearity in the other probe field. Both the advantages + and disadvantages as well as the limitations of the ODRDC, EIT, + PFG, and AWI effects are discussed and compared. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BadgerHA01, + author = {Badger, S. D. and Hughes, I. G. and Adams, C. S.}, + title = {Hyperfine effects in electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {34}, + pages = {L749-L756}, + abstract = {The role of hyperfine structure in electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) is investigated by studying the 5S(1/2)- + 5P(3/2)-5D(3/2,5/2) cascade system in Rb-85 and Rb-87. We show that + if the hyperfine splitting Delta(hfs) is larger than the Rabi + frequency of the coupling beam, Q, then the observed EIT spectra + can be modelled by adding terms corresponding to each hyperfine + state. However, in the strong-coupling limit, Omega(c) much greater + than Delta(hfs), a complete multilevel description is required. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{AffolderbachKWTY02, + author = {Affolderbach, C. and Knappe, S. and Wynands, R. and + Taichenachev, A. V. and Yudin, V. I.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and + absorption in a standing wave}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {043810}, + abstract = {A thermal vapor of three-level atoms irradiated by two + copropagating laser beams of suitable frequencies exhibits the + phenomenon of coherent population trapping, leading to an + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). When a mirror + reflects the beams back onto themselves one finds that depending on + the position along the resulting standing wave the fluorescence + intensity from the sample (cesium in our case) decreases (EIT) or + even increases [electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA)] with + a period on the centimeter scale. An intuitive picture is based on + the interference of coherent dark states but the explanation of the + EIA effect requires consideration of Doppler effects in the thermal + vapor. This allows for a quantitative comparison between + experimental and calculated results. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{XuDJ02, + author = {Xu, H. L. and Dai, Z. W. and Jiang, Z. K.}, + title = {Effect of concentration of the Er3+ ion on + electromagnetically induced transparency in Er3+: YAG crystal}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {294}, + pages = {19-25}, + abstract = {We studied the effect of Er3+ concentration on + electromagnetically induced transparency in two types of three- + level schemes-the ladder and the A models in Er3+:YAG, The + numerical calculations show that, under the same intensities of the + probe and the coupling fields, the absorption and the dispersion + were dramatically changed with Er3+ concentration. (C) 2002 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LitvakT02, + author = {Litvak, A. G. and Tokman, M. D.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in ensembles + of classical oscillators}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {095003}, + abstract = {We develop a classical model of the parametric effect + of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) within the line + of resonance absorption of an electromagnetic wave in the medium-an + effect initially discovered for a quantum three-level system. On + the basis of this model, the EIT effect for electromagnetic waves + at frequencies of the electron-cyclotron resonance in a cold plasma + is considered. Similar to the analogous quantum scheme, the EIT + window in the classical model is characterized by group + deceleration of the reference electron-cyclotron wave. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SorokinG02, + author = {Sorokin, P. P. and Glownia, J. H.}, + title = {Lasers without inversion (LWI) in Space: A possible + explanation for intense, narrow-band, emissions that dominate the + visible and/or far-UV (FUV) spectra of certain astronomical + objects}, + journal = {Astron. Astrophys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {384}, + pages = {350-363}, + abstract = {The optical or far-UV (FUV) spectra of certain objects + in Space are completely dominated by one or two spectrally narrow + emission lines, strongly suggesting that laser action of some kind + occurs in these objects. However, the electronic level structures + of the atoms/ions producing these emissions preclude the + possibility of maintaining population inversions on the electronic + transitions involved. In lasers, gain is normally produced on an + optical transition that is inverted, i.e. one that has more atoms + maintained in the upper than in the lower state, so that stimulated + emission can exceed stimulated absorption. However, as a result of + discoveries made in quantum electronics over the past 30 years or + so, one now knows that there are several ways to make stimulated + emission occur on a transition that is not inverted, i.e. to + realize a "laser without inversion (LWI)". This requires first + making the atoms non-absorbing at the lasing frequency, i.e. + setting up a condition of "electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT)". Some recently developed EIT techniques for three-level + atoms are first reviewed. A simple model for a space LWI based upon + a gas of two-level atoms is then proposed. In this model, + transparency results from a form of EIT induced by the presence of + an intense, monochromatic, continuous-wave, laser beam tuned to the + frequency omega(o) of the two-level-atom transition. Amplification + of light at this same frequency occurs via resonant stimulated + hyper-Raman scattering (SHRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM), with + pumping energy provided by continuum starlight spectrally + overlapping the two outer absorption sidebands ("Mollow bands") + induced by the presence of the beam at omega(o). Two specific + examples of superintense line emission from Space are here + considered. These are (a) the H(alpha) emission line appearing as a + dominant singularity in certain reddened, early-type stars, and (b) + the powerful O VI (1032 Angstrom, 1038 Angstrom) emission doublet + that dominates the FUV emission spectra of symbiotic stars such as + RR Tel.} +} + +@ARTICLE{JuzeliunasC02, + author = {Juzeliunas, G. and Carmichael, H. J.}, + title = {Systematic formulation of slow polaritons in atomic + gases}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {021601}, + abstract = {We formulate a theory of slow polaritons in atomic + gases and apply it to the slowing down, storing, and redirecting of + laser pulses in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) + medium. The normal modes of the coupled matter and radiation are + determined through a full diagonalization of the dissipationless + Hamiltonian. Away from the EIT resonance, where the polaritons + acquire an excited-state contribution, lifetimes are introduced as + a secondary step. With detuning included various four-wave mixing + possibilities are analyzed. We investigate specifically the + possibility of reverting a stopped polariton by reversing the + control beam. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ValenteFL02, + author = {Valente, P. and Failache, H. and Lezama, A.}, + title = {Comparative study of the transient evolution of Hanle + electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption resonances}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {65}, + pages = {023814}, + abstract = {The temporal evolutions of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) were observed in a Hanle + absorption experiment carried on the D-2 lines Of Rb-87 vapor by + suddenly turning the magnetic field on or off. The main features of + the experimental observations are well reproduced by a theoretical + model based on Bloch equation where the atomic level degeneracy has + been fully accounted for. Similar (opposite phase) evolutions were + observed at low optical-field intensities for Hanle-EIT or + Hanle-EIA resonances. Unlike the Hanle-EIA transients that are + increasingly shorter for driving field intensities approaching + saturation, the B not equal 0 transient of the Hanle-EIT signal at + large driving field intensities present a long decay time + approaching the atomic transit time. Such counterintuitive behavior + is interpreted as a consequence of the Zeno effect.} +} + +@ARTICLE{LiSZW02, + author = {Li, Y. F. and Sun, J. F. and Zhang, X. Y. and Wang, Y. + C.}, + title = {Laser-induced double-dark resonances and + double-transparencies in a four-level system}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {202}, + pages = {97-102}, + abstract = {We study the generations of dark resonance and + electomagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effects in the + four-level system with two coherent fields coupling the transition + from upper level to a pair of ground levels and a lower excited + state. The quantum interference between two excited pathways + results in double-dark resonances and doubletransparency holes + with adjustable frequencies driven into the absorption spectrum in + the atomic system. A clear analytical explanation for our numerical + results is presented. It is shown that the relation of detunings of + two coherent fields plays an important role in the generations of + the coherent population trapping and EIT effects. (C) 20021 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangGX02, + author = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Xiao, M.}, + title = {Atomic coherence induced Kerr nonlinearity enhancement + in Rb vapour}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {335-347}, + abstract = {The Kerr nonlinear index of refraction for rubidium + atoms is measured by using an optical ring cavity with and without + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Significant + enhancement and inhibition of the Kerr nonlinear index is observed + near resonance with EIT. The nonlinear index of refraction is + measured as functions of probe and coupling frequency detunings, + respectively, with and without the presence of EIT. A simple + theoretical calculation including Doppler broadening is presented + and is found to be in good qualitative agreement with the + experimentally measured results.} +} + +@ARTICLE{MatskoNW02, + author = {Matsko, A. B. and Novikova, I. and Welch, G. R.}, + title = {Radiation trapping under conditions of + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {367-378}, + abstract = {Reabsorption of spontaneously emitted photons, or + radiation trapping, is a process that occurs when light interacts + with optically thick media. It is shown, both theoretically and + experimentally, that this effect in optically thick atomic vapour + leads to a decrease in transmission of coherent laser radiation + propagating under conditions of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). A simple theory is developed taking into + account the radiation trapping, which is in a good agreement with + the experimental observations and exact numerical simulation. This + allows better understanding of the physics of EIT in general, and + properties of dense coherent atomic media in particular. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HussKW02, + author = {Huss, A. F. and Korsunsky, E. A. and Windholz, L.}, + title = {Phase control of electromagnetically induced + transparency in a double-Lambda system}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {141-155}, + abstract = {It is experimentally demonstrated that the effect of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be controlled + through the radiation phases. Corresponding investigations are + performed by exciting a sodium atomic vapour by four-frequency + laser radiation in a double-A configuration. In such a system the + nonabsorbing (dark) state, responsible for EIT, is created only for + particular values of the relative radiation phase. This phase + dependency is confirmed using three different methods of phase + control. Additionally, the relative phase is set at defined values + in order to adjust the medium to a fixed transmission behaviour. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WangZ02, + author = {Wang, K. G. and Zhu, S. Y.}, + title = {Atomic storage states}, + journal = {Chin. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {19}, + pages = {56-59}, + abstract = {We present a complete description of atomic storage + states which may appear in the electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). The result shows that the spatial coherence has + been included in the atomic collective operators and the atomic + storage states. In some limits, a set of multimode atomic storage + states has been established in correspondence with the multimode + Fock states of the electromagnetic field. This gives a better + understanding of the fact that, in EIT, the optical coherent + information can be preserved and recovered.} +} + +@ARTICLE{AlzarMN02, + author = {Alzar, C. L. G. and Martinez, M. A. G. and + Nussenzveig, P.}, + title = {Classical analog of electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Am. J. Phys.}, + year = {2002}, + volume = {70}, + pages = {37-41}, + abstract = {We present a classical analog of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT). In a system of just two coupled + harmonic oscillators subject to a harmonic driving force, we + reproduce the phenomenology observed in EIT. We also describe a + simple experiment with two linearly coupled RLC circuits which can + be incorporated into an undergraduate laboratory. (C) 2002 American + Association of Physics Teachers. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhuL01, + author = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency due to + exciton-phonon interaction in an organic quantum well}, + journal = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {34}, + pages = {L679-L686}, + abstract = {Using the bosonic exciton approximation, we show that + there exists electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an + organic quantum well which includes the interaction of charge- + transfer excitons and phonons. The numerical results indicate that + the strong exciton-phonon interaction plays a key role in the + generation of the EIT. Without the exciton-phonon coupling, the EIT + will disappear immediately. Ultraslow light effects are also + discussed in this system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Kofman01, + author = {Kofman, A. G.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and evolution + of a two-level system under chaotic field of arbitrary intensity}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {17}, + pages = {153-165}, + abstract = {The electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) + with a (near-)resonant chaotic (amplitude-phase fluctuating, + GaussianMarkovian) coupling field is studied theoretically. The + Fourier transform of the steady-state EIT spectrum, which + determines a nonstationary probe absorption, is also considered. + This quantity equals the average diagonal element of the (reduced) + evolution operator of the coupled transition (the evolution + function). The exact solution in the form of a continued fraction + is obtained and used to perform numerical calculations. Moreover, a + number of approximate analytical results are obtained, which, + together with the results of previous publications, describe the + EIT and the evolution function in all possible regimes. In + particular, in the constructive-interference case the EIT increases + with the coupling-field bandwidth v at sufficiently small v. For a + strong field, the maximum of the transparency as a function of v is + less than that for a monochromatic field of the same average + intensity. In contrast, for a weak field, there is a range of v + values, where the field fluctuations do not affect the EIT. The + latter result is shown to hold for a broad class of stochastic + fields. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Windholz01, + author = {Windholz, L.}, + title = {Coherent population trapping in multi-level atomic + systems}, + journal = {Phys. Scr.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {T95}, + pages = {81-91}, + abstract = {Coherent population trapping (CPT) is treated in + multi-level systems, excited by twoor four-frequency laser light. + The dynamics of filling non-absorbing (dark) states is + investigated. In cases where all transitions involved are excited + (closed systems), the effect becomes dependent on the relative + phase of the light waves. Further electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) is described in three- and four- level systems + and used for effective side band generation.} +} + +@ARTICLE{BhatiaWS01, + author = {Bhatia, P. S. and Welch, G. R. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Laser amplification without population inversion on + the D-1 line of the Cs atom with semiconductor diode lasers}, + journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {18}, + pages = {1587-1596}, + abstract = {The importance of lasing without inversion (LWI) in + comparison with the use of nonlinear optical techniques and + techniques based on high-intensity femtosecond light pulses to + generate high-frequency coherent radiation is outlined, The + original development and utilization of an experimental facility + based on semiconductor diode lasers to study the fundamental + aspects of LWI on the D-1 line of the Cs atom, which is rarely + attempted, is described. This experimental facility is used to + observe inversionless amplification on the D-1 line of the Cs atom + by use of a A atomic scheme, A combination of EIT and broadband + pumping of atoms from the lower to the upper level of the probe + transition allowed the observation of the inversionless gain. + Justification for the absence of inversion in the probe transition + is provided. We report a single-pass inversionless gain of + approximate to 11\% with relatively weak incoherent pumping. The + results show improvement over the previously reported inversionless + gain observed in Na, Rb, and Cs, illustrating the potential + advantage of using the D-1 line of Cs. (C) 2001 Optical Society of + America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ChenLCSY01, + author = {Chen, C. Y. and Liao, Y. A. and Chiu, H. Y. and Su, J. + J. and Yu, I. A.}, + title = {Observation of the quantum interference phenomenon + induced by interacting dark resonances}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6405}, + pages = {053806}, + abstract = {We report an experimental observation of narrow and + highcontrast spectra. which are induced by interacting dark + resonances and have been predicted in Phys. Rev. A 60, 3225 (1999). + Spectra are measured with cold Rb-87 atoms produced by a + magneto-optical trap. In this experimental system, a coupling laser + and a weak probe laser form a three-level Lambda -type + configuration of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT); a + microwave drives a magnetic-dipole transition between the fourth + level and the ground state that is coupled with the excited state + by the coupling laser. The observed spectral profile of probe + absorption exhibits a very sharp peak emerging inside a narrow EIT + dip. Such spectral feature provides more opportunities in + manipulating atomic-optical response.} +} + +@ARTICLE{OpatrnyW01, + author = {Opatrny, T. and Welsch, D. G.}, + title = {Cross phase modulation enhancement by coupled cavities + and electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Fortschritte Phys.-Prog. Phys.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {49}, + pages = {1065-1070}, + abstract = {We propose an optical double-cavity resonator whose + response to a signal is similar to that observed in + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). A combination of + such a device with a four-level EIT medium can serve for achieving + large crossKerr modulation of a probe field by a signal field. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Ichimura01, + author = {Ichimura, K.}, + title = {A simple frequency-domain quantum computer with ions + in a crystal coupled to a cavity mode}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {196}, + pages = {119-125}, + abstract = {A quantum computer where quantum bits (qubits) are + defined in frequency domain and interaction between qubits is + mediated by a single cavity mode is proposed. In this quantum + computer, qubits can be individually addressed regardless of their + positions. Therefore, randomly distributed systems in space can be + directly employed as qubits. An application of nuclear spins in + rare-earth ions in a crystal for the quantum computer is + quantitatively analyzed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights + reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{OpatrnyW01, + author = {Opatrny, T. and Welsch, D. G.}, + title = {Coupled cavities for enhancing the + cross-phase-modulation in electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6402}, + pages = {023805}, + abstract = {We propose an optical double-cavity resonator whose + response to a signal is similar to that of an electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) medium. A combination of such a device + with a four-level EIT medium can serve for achieving large cross- + Kerr modulation of a probe field by a signal field. This would + offer the possibility of building a quantum logic gate based on + photonic qubits. We discuss the technical requirements that are + necessary for realizing a probe-photon phase shift of pi caused by + a single-photon signal. The main difficulty is the requirement of + an ultralow reflectivity beam splitter, and we must be able to + operate a sufficiently dense cool EIT medium in a cavity. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ClarkevC01, + author = {Clarke, J. J. and van Wijngaarden, W. A. and Chen, H. + X.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency using a vapor + cell and a laser-cooled sample of cesium atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6402}, + pages = {023818}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was + observed in a mismatched-wavelength cascade system using a room + temperature vapor cell and laser-cooled atoms. A cw probe laser + beam monitored the cesium 6S(1/2)----6P(3/2) transition while + another cw laser coupled the 6P(3/2) state to a higher excited + state. The ratio of the observed Rabi frequencies for coupling to + the 6P(3/2)--> (11-13)D-3/2,(5/2) transitions agreed closely with + that predicted using the transition oscillator strengths. A + comparison of the EIT signals obtained using cold atoms and the + vapor cell is made. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KimKMPK01, + author = {Kim, K. and Kwon, M. and Moon, H. S. and Park, H. D. + and Kim, J. B.}, + title = {Measurements of normal and anomalous dispersions in + coherently driven Cs vapors}, + journal = {J. Korean Phys. Soc.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {38}, + pages = {666-669}, + abstract = {Negative and positive dispersions in transitions of + the C-S D-2 line have been measured by setting up a homodyne + Mach-Zehnder interferometer through a coherently driven atomic + system. Anomalous dispersion due to the electromagnetically induced + absorption (EIA) process and normal dispersion due to the + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process were dn/d v + similar or equal to -1.8 x 10-(14) Hz(-1) and 8.7 x 10- (14) + Hz(-1), which corresponded to a negative group velocity v(g) + similar or equal to -c/14 and a positive one v(g) similar or equal + to c/31, respectively. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{YanRZ01, + author = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.}, + title = {Nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in cold + atoms}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {26}, + pages = {548-550}, + abstract = {We report an experimental observation of third-order + nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in Rb-87 atoms cooled + and confined in a magneto-optic trap. A coupling laser creates + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a multilevel Rb + system in which the third-order nonlinear absorption is enhanced by + constructive quantum interference while the linear absorption is + inhibited by destructive interference. Our experiment demonstrates + the EIT system proposed by Harris and Yamamoto [Phys. Rev. Lett. + 81, 3611 (1998)], which absorbs two photons but not one photon in + the dressed-state picture. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{McGloinFD01, + author = {McGloin, D. and Fulton, D. J. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in N-level + cascade schemes}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {190}, + pages = {221-229}, + abstract = {We examine electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in cascade schemes with N levels and N - 1 fields. We show + that transparency effects are present when N is odd and that + destruction of EIT is present on line centre when N is even. We + predict multiple dark resonances in such schemes due to multiphoton + EIT effects. By examining atomic rubidium we propose methods of + achieving such schemes by use of coupling rf fields into hyperfine + levels. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ArtoniCLB01, + author = {Artoni, M. and Carusotto, I. and La Rocca, G. C. and + Bassani, F.}, + title = {Fresnel light drag in a coherently driven moving + medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {86}, + pages = {2549-2552}, + abstract = {We theoretically study how the phase of a light plane + wave propagating in a resonant medium under electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) is affected by the uniform motion of the + medium. For cuprous oxide (Cu2O), where EIT can be implemented + through a typical pump-probe configuration, the resonant probe beam + experiences a phase shift (Fresnel-Fizeau effect) that may vary + over a wide range of values, positive or negative, and even + vanishing, due to the combined effects of the strong frequency + dispersion and anisotropy both induced by the pump. The use of such + a coherently driven dragging medium may improve by at least 1 order + of magnitude the sensitivity at low velocity in optical drag + experiments. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BenninkBSW01, + author = {Bennink, R. S. and Boyd, R. W. and Stroud, C. R. and + Wong, V.}, + title = {Enhanced self-action effects by electromagnetically + induced transparency in the two-level atom}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6303}, + pages = {033804}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has + been studied primarily within the context of multilevel atomic + systems. We show that EIT can occur also in a two-level atomic + system and can lead to strong self-action and slow-light effects + that are not hampered by material absorption, with important + potential implications for processes such as squeezed-light + generation and the propagation of optical solitons. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Kofman01, + author = {Kofman, A. G.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and evolution + of a two-level system under a strong chaotic field}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {6303}, + pages = {033810}, + abstract = {The present paper treats the electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT), i.e., the absorption spectrum of a weak + probe field, near-resonant to a material transition, in the + presence of a strong amplitude-phase fluctuating field which + couples the upper level of the transition to another excited level. + The coupling field is assumed to be chaotic (i.e., a complex + Gaussian process with a Lorentzian spectrum) and so strong that the + material relaxation and the detuning can be neglected. In addition, + we consider the Fourier transform of the spectrum (U) over bar + (aa)(t), which determines absorption of a probe field with a + time-dependent intensity. The quantity (U) over bar (aa)(t) equals + a diagonal element of the average reduced evolution operator of the + two-level system (TLS), coupled by the strong field. As a starting + point, we use the stationary, partially averaged stochastic + Schrodinger equation, which has the form of a set of two + second-order differential equations. The theory is developed by + combining analytical and numerical approaches. For the most + important regime, when the rms Rabi frequency V-0 is much greater + than the coupling-held bandwidth nu, we obtain scaling relations + for the EIT line shape and the TLS evolution. In particular, the + absorption at the minimum (i.e., at the resonance frequency) scales + as nu V1/3(0)-4/3, whereas the evolution function (U) over bar + (aa)(t) performs damped oscillations with the decay rate on the + order of (V(0)(2)nu)(1/3). These results differ significantly from + those following from the uncorrelated-jump model. The results of + this paper are shown to be applicable to more general models of + amplitude-phase fluctuations than the Gaussian-Markovian chaotic + field. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KocharovskayaRS01, + author = {Kocharovskaya, O. and Rostovtsev, Y. and Scully, M. + O.}, + title = {Stopping light via hot atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {86}, + pages = {628-631}, + abstract = {We prove that it is possible to freeze a light pulse + (i.e., to bring it to a full stop) or even to make its group + velocity negative in a coherently driven Doppler broadened atomic + medium via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This + remarkable phenomenon of the ultraslow EIT polariton is based on + the spatial dispersion of the refraction index n(w,k), i.e., its + wave number dependence, which is due to atomic motion and provides + a negative contribution to the group velocity. This is related to, + but qualitatively different from, the recently observed light + slowing caused by large temporal (frequency) dispersion. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ScullyAKKM01, + author = {Scully, M. O. and Agarwal, G. S. and Kocharovskaya, O. + and Kozlov, V. V. and Matsko, A. B.}, + title = {Mixed electromagnetically and self-induced + transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Express}, + year = {2001}, + volume = {8}, + pages = {66-75}, + abstract = {We show that application of self-induced transparency + (SIT) solitons as a driving field in V-type electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) leads to "mixed induced transparency" + (MIT) that nicely combines the best features of both SIT and EIT. + (C) 2001 Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{WangGBX00, + author = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Burkett, W. H. and + Xiao, M.}, + title = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing by means of + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {25}, + pages = {1732-1734}, + abstract = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing in a ring cavity that is + due to the high dispersion and reduced absorption produced by + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in rubidium-atom + vapor has been experimentally observed. The cavity linewidth with + rubidium atoms under EIT conditions can be significantly narrowed. + Cavity-linewidth narrowing was measured as a function of coupling + beam power. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{KosachiovK00, + author = {Kosachiov, D. V. and Korsunsky, E. A.}, + title = {Efficient microwave-induced optical frequency + conversion}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {11}, + pages = {457-463}, + abstract = {Frequency conversion process is studied in a medium of + atoms with a Lambda configuration of levels, where transition + between two lower states is driven by a microwave field. In this + system, conversion efficiency can be very high by virtue of the + effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Depending + on intensity of the microwave field, two regimes of EIT are + realized: "dark-state" EIT for the weak field, and + Autler-Townes-type EIT for the strong one. We study both cases via + analytical and numerical solution and find optimum conditions for + the conversion. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GordonMJ00, + author = {Gordon, D. F. and Mori, W. B. and Joshi, C.}, + title = {On the possibility of electromagnetically induced + transparency in a plasma. I. Infinite plasma}, + journal = {Phys. Plasmas}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {7}, + pages = {3145-3155}, + abstract = {The theory of electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in a plasma [S. E. Harris, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5357 (1996)] + is examined in the context of an infinite system. A new dispersion + relation is derived which accounts for relativistic effects in an + overdense plasma. Several branches of the dispersion relation are + plotted and discussed. Particle simulations are used to confirm the + findings. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. + [S1070-664X(00)00407-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{GordonMJ00, + author = {Gordon, D. F. and Mori, W. B. and Joshi, C.}, + title = {On the possibility of electromagnetically induced + transparency in a plasma. II. Bounded plasma}, + journal = {Phys. Plasmas}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {7}, + pages = {3156-3166}, + abstract = {The theory of electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in a plasma [S. E. Harris, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 5357 (1996)] + is examined in the context of a bounded system. It is found via + particle simulations that an overdense plasma slab reflects short + pulses even in the presence of an EIT passband. However, a + two-frequency laser, or "beatwave," will cascade into a Stokes + satellite with a frequency below the cut-off frequency. This can + lead to an apparent EIT signature if a specific set of parameters + are chosen. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. + [S1070-664X(00)00507-3]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FleischhauerMS00, + author = {Fleischhauer, M. and Matsko, A. B. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Quantum limit of optical magnetometry in the presence + of ac Stark shifts}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6201}, + pages = {013808}, + abstract = {We analyze systematic (classical) and fundamental + (quantum) limitations of the sensitivity of optical magnetometers + resulting from ac Stark shifts. We show that in contrast to + absorption-based techniques, the signal reduction associated with + classical broadening can be compensated in magnetometers based on + phase measurements using electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT). However due to ac Stark-associated quantum noise the + signal-to-noise ratio of FIT-based magnetometers attains a maximum + value at a certain laser intensity. This value is independent on + the quantum statistics of the light and defines a standard quantum + limit of sensitivity. We demonstrate that an EIT-based optical + magnetometer in Faraday configuration is the best candidate to + achieve the highest sensitivity of magnetic-field detection and + give a detailed analysis of such a device. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KozlovE00, + author = {Kozlov, V. V. and Eberly, J. H.}, + title = {Ultrashort pulses in phaseonium: the interplay between + SIT and EIT}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {179}, + pages = {85-96}, + abstract = {Pulse propagation in the pure-state three-level medium + called phaseonium by Marlan Scully is studied both analytically and + numerically. Distinctions between SIT-type pulses (e.g., simultons) + and EIT-type pulses are most naturally revealed by making use of + dark and bright dressed-state amplitudes. We show that EIT-type and + SIT-type pulses propagating in phaseonium are to be distinguished + by the type of population evolution that they induce. (C) 2000 + Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DormanKM00, + author = {Dorman, C. and Kucukkara, I. and Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Density dependent effects due to residual + susceptibilities in a four-wave mixing scheme with + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {180}, + pages = {263-270}, + abstract = {We have studied the generation of vacuum ultraviolet + radiation (at 123.6 nm) produced in a resonant four-wave-mixing + scheme in krypton, enhanced by electromagnetically induced + transparency. The interplay between the non-linear susceptibility + (governing the wave-mixing), the linear susceptibility (governing + the absorption and dispersion), and the density-length product was + examined both experimentally and numerically. We observe favourable + scaling of the yield with density-length product (NL) up to a value + of 5 X 10(16) cm(-2). Above this NL value the yield decreases due + to the background wave-vector mismatch (Delta k(resid)), which + arises from the additional atomic energy levels outside the three + considered in the EIT enhanced mixing scheme. Our results suggest + that further enhancements in frequency up-conversion can be + achieved by employing a buffer gas as a phase matching agent. (C) + 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtR00, + author = {Schmidt, H. and Ram, R. J.}, + title = {All-optical wavelength converter and switch based on + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {76}, + pages = {3173-3175}, + abstract = {We propose a method for all-optical switching and + wavelength conversion using electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). We discuss the mechanism for the transfer of + information in this scheme and determine the conditions for which + NxN wavelength conversion can be realized. We compare the + properties and limits of an EIT-based switch to conventional + wavelength converters. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. + [S0003-6951(00)03022-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ChenLY00, + author = {Chen, Y. C. and Lin, C. W. and Yu, I. A.}, + title = {Role of degenerate Zeeman levels in + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6105}, + pages = {053805}, + abstract = {We have observed various Lambda-type + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectra in + laser-cooled Rb-87 atoms of different laser polarization + configurations. Unexpected profiles occur in the EIT spectra. We + have found the degenerate Zeeman sublevels are responsible for + these profiles. The experimental data are in good agreement with + the results from the theoretical calculation which takes into + account all the 13 Zeeman levels in the Lambda system. Our study + demonstrates that Zeeman sublevels play important roles in quantum + interference phenomena such as EIT and amplification without + population inversion (AWI), and should be taken into account in the + analysis of these phenomena. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{EntinRBB00, + author = {Entin, V. M. and Ryabtsev, I. I. and Boguslavskii, A. + E. and Beterov, I. M.}, + title = {Experimental implementation of a four-level N-type + scheme for the observation of electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Jetp Lett.}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {71}, + pages = {175-177}, + abstract = {A nondegenerate four-level N-type scheme was + experimentally implemented to observe electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) at the Rb-87 D-2 line. Radiations of two + independent external-cavity semiconductor lasers were used in the + experiment, the current of one of them being modulated at a + frequency equal to the hyperfine-splitting frequency of the excited + 5P(3/2) level. In this case, apart from the main EIT dip + corresponding to the two-photon Raman resonance in a threelevel + Lambda-scheme, additional dips detuned from the main dip by a + frequency equal to the frequency of the HF generator were observed + in the absorption spectrum. These dips were due to an increase in + the medium transparency at frequencies corresponding to the + three-photon Raman resonances in four- level N-type schemes. The + resonance shapes are analyzed as functions of generator frequency + and magnetic field. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica". + } +} + +@ARTICLE{PodshivalovMOSW99, + author = {Podshivalov, A. A. and Matveev, O. I. and Omenetto, N. + and Smith, B. W. and Winefordner, J. D.}, + title = {Laser-induced population depletion effects in double + resonance excitation with Hg-202 vapors}, + journal = {Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {54}, + pages = {2157-2165}, + abstract = {By monitoring the green fluorescence transition of + mercury vapor 7 S-3(1) --> 6 P-3(2)0 (546.074 nm) excited by two + pulsed dye lasers tuned at two connected atomic resonant + frequencies, i.e. 6 S-1(0) --> 6 P-3(1)0 (253.652 nm) and 6 P-3(1)0 + --> 7 S3(1) (435.835 nm), a decrease in the green fluorescence + yield is experimentally observed when the intensity of the + 435.835-nm excitation transition exceeds similar to 5 kW/cm(2). A + similar result is obtained at the yellow fluorescence transition 6 + D- 3(1) --> 6 P-1(1)0 (578.967 nm) when the second step is tuned to + the 6 P-3(1)0 --> 6 D-3(1) transition (313.159 nm). At the same + time, an increase in the transmittance of the ground state + transition (253.652 nm) is observed. It is speculated that this + effect, which occurs only when both laser pulses are temporally + coincident, and is therefore not due to photoionization, can be + ascribed to the existence of laser induced effects, such as a.c. + Stark splitting of levels and possibly electromagnetically-induced + transparency (EIT). Our experiment does not allow us to distinguish + between these two effects, nor their quantitative evaluation, + However, it is stressed that one cannot overlook them in those + atomic multi-step excitation experiments in low collisional + environments where a depletion of an intermediate level is + involved, as for example in the case of atomic fluorescence: dip + spectroscopy or atomic multistep and multiphoton resonance + ionization spectroscopy. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science + B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BentleyLL00, + author = {Bentley, C. L. and Liu, J. R. and Liao, Y.}, + title = {Cavity electromagnetically induced transparency of + driventhree-level atoms: A transparent window narrowing below a + natural width}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6102}, + pages = {023811}, + abstract = {Steady-state dynamics of a Lambda atom in a ring + cavity driven by two coherent fields are studied for arbitrary + detunings, arbitrary incoherent pumping, and coherent driving + intensities. Effects of both cavity and effective atom number on + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) are pointed out. New + physical pictures for cavity EIT are given in terms of collective + cooperative coefficients and dispersion experienced by the probe. + In the regime of smaller collective cooperative coefficients, an + absorption-gain profile is reduced to that of a general EIT + estimated by the imaginary part of a corresponding dipole moment, + and its transparency window is directly proportional to power + broadening, if the total Rabi frequency is large enough. But in the + region of larger collective cooperative coefficients which means a + dense atomic medium, longer optical path, or high-Q cavity, EIT is + determined not only by the imaginary part but also by the real part + of the corresponding dipole moment, which results in the + possibility of observing an EIT central peak with a subnatural + width, while there may be nearly no power broadening.} +} + +@ARTICLE{WernerI00, + author = {Werner, M. J. and Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Photon-photon interactions in cavity + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {6001}, + pages = {011801}, + abstract = {Dissipation-free photon-photon interaction at the + single-photon level is studied in the context of cavity + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). For a single + multilevel atom exhibiting EIT in the strong cavity-coupling + regime, the anharmonicity of the atom-cavity system has an upper + bound determined by single atom-photon coupling strength. A photon + blockade effect is inferred to occur for both singleand multiatom + cases from the behavior of transition rates between dressed states + of the system. Numerical calculations of the second-order coherence + function indicate that photon antibunching in both single- and + two-atom cases are strong and comparable. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DongG00, + author = {Dong, P. and Gao, J. Y.}, + title = {Appearance and disappearance of hole-burning behind an + electromagnetically induced transparency window}, + journal = {Phys. Lett. A}, + year = {2000}, + volume = {265}, + pages = {52-57}, + abstract = {We propose a new scheme of hole-burning when a strong + coherent field, which makes an Electromagnetically Induced + Transparency (EIT) window, could make more or disappearance of + hole-burning in a Doppler broadening medium under different + conditions. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. ALI rights + reserved.} +} + +@ARTICLE{BentleyL99, + author = {Bentley, C. L. and Liu, J. R.}, + title = {LWI in a driven Lambda three-level atom and effects of + the probe laser on EIT}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {169}, + pages = {289-299}, + abstract = {Steady-state dynamics of a Lambda atom driven by two + coherent fields is studied for arbitrary detunings, arbitrary + incoherent pumping and coherent driving intensities. Effects of a + strong probe on EIT are worked out. Features of EFT and LWI are + presented in a new physical picture on the basis of the concepts of + quantum interference and coherence. In the weak field regime, an + absorption-gain profile is the subtraction of two Lorentzians with + the same central frequency but different widths and heights. This + case is mostly the result of quantum interference and coherence + rather than the result of AutlerTownes level splitting. In a + strong field regime, however, the profile is the addition of two + Lorentzian-like components with different central frequencies but + the same width, where Autler- Townes splitting and quantum + interference are equally important. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier + Science B.V. All rights reserved. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WeiM99, + author = {Wei, C. J. and Manson, N. B.}, + title = {Observation of the dynamic Stark effect on + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {60}, + pages = {2540-2546}, + abstract = {Using electron-spin-resonance transitions within the + nitrogenvacancy center in diamond, we have obtained a sharp + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) feature when the + coupling and probing fields satisfy a two-photon resonance + condition. In this paper it is shown that by the application of an + additional driving field the sharp EIT feature can be split into a + doublet or a triplet depending on the experimental configuration. + The results are interpreted in terms of dynamic Stark splitting of + the EIT feature, and the spectra are shown to be related to + Autler-Townes and Mellow spectra. [S1050- 2947(99)10209-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MoonKKK99, + author = {Moon, H. S. and Kim, H. A. and Kim, B. S. and Kim, J. + B.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in an ideal + threelevel system in Rb-87 atoms}, + journal = {J. Korean Phys. Soc.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {35}, + pages = {207-211}, + abstract = {We have suggested an ideal three-level system, which + is the transition between the magnetic F = 1 and F' = 1 sublevels + in the Rb-87 atom, for studying atomic coherence, and we have + studied the electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) in that + system. With two counter-rotating circularly polarized lasers, + Doppler-free absorption reduction in an ideal R-type three-level + atomic system is observed up to 95 \%, including optical pumping. + After adding an incoherent repumping beam from F = 2 to F = 1 + through F' = 2, the maximum absorption reduction is approximately + the same as 95 \%. In a magnetic field, EIT shows dispersion-like + spectrum because of the detuning effect of the coupling laser due + to Zeeman splitting of the magnetic sublevels. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{WeiM99, + author = {Wei, C. J. and Manson, N. B.}, + title = {Observation of electromagnetically induced + transparency within an electron spin resonance transition}, + journal = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {1}, + pages = {464-468}, + abstract = {A sharp transparency feature is induced in an allowed + electron spin resonance (ESR) transition by driving a nominally + spinforbidden transition. The width of the feature is narrower + than the homogeneous linewidth of the ESR transition and is + interpreted as being associated with electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). Measurements are made for the nitrogen-vacancy + centre in diamond and the signals are detected using a coherent + optical technique. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HamHKS99, + author = {Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R. and Kim, M. K. and + Shahriar, S. M.}, + title = {Quantum interference and its potential applications in + a spectral hole-burning solid}, + journal = {Laser Phys.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {788-796}, + abstract = {We have reviewed observations of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) in solids and its potential applications + such as enhanced four-wave mixing, Raman excited optical memory, + and rf-coupled optical gain. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtNCMGI99, + author = {Schmidt, H. and Nikonov, D. E. and Campman, K. L. and + Maranowski, K. D. and Gossard, A. C. and Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Quantum interference in semiconductor quantum wells}, + journal = {Laser Phys.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {9}, + pages = {797-812}, + abstract = {We present a review of theoretical and experimental + evidence for quantum interference in intersubband transitions of + coupled semiconductor quantum wells. Intersubband absorption + spectra are calculated using semiconductor Bloch equations to + include the Coulomb interaction between the conduction band + electrons. We demonstrate that the absorption spectra must be + viewed as collective excitations. In a configuration analogous to + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in atomic systems, + we show that quantum interference occurs between the levels of + these collective intersubband excitations rather than single + electronic states. Experiments which demonstrate quantum + interference in coupled quantum wells due to tunneling induced + transparency (TIT) are presented. The design issues for such + samples are reviewed, and the effects of monolayer growth + fluctuations on the spectra are simulated. Finally, we discuss the + temperature dependence of TIT and demonstrate that the quantum + interference persists at room temperature. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BoonZMD99, + author = {Boon, J. R. and Zekou, E. and McGloin, D. and Dunn, M. + H.}, + title = {Comparison of wavelength dependence in cascade-, + Lambda-, and Vee-type schemes for electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {4675-4684}, + abstract = {We present a theoretical study of the effects of + mismatching wavelengths for the coupling and probe fields in + Dopplerbroadened media for the three basic energy level + configurations commonly used to realize electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). Three wavelength regimes are considered: + mismatched wavelengths for which the coupling frequency is greater + than the probe frequency, matched wavelengths for which the + coupling and probe frequencies are equal, and mismatched + wavelengths for which the probe frequency is greater than the + coupling frequency. The transparency that may be induced in these + regimes is compared for the cascade-, Lambda-, and Vee- type + systems. We show that in the first mismatched regime (lambda(c) < + lambda(p)) EIT is possible in all schemes and is in fact stronger + than in the matched case. It is also demonstrated that for the + second mismatched regime (lambda(c) > lambda(p)) EIT can be + realized most readily in the Vee-type configuration in the presence + of Doppler broadening. These predictions are explained by + considering the absorption as a function of both the probe field + detuning and the atomic velocity. [S1050-2947(99)01006-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MitsunagaI99, + author = {Mitsunaga, M. and Imoto, N.}, + title = {Observation of an electromagnetically induced grating + in cold sodium atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {4773-4776}, + abstract = {We have observed diffraction signals by a grating + originating from electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in + a threelevel Lambda system of cold sodium atoms. Theoretical and + experimental analyses of this phenomenon, called the + electromagnetically induced grating (EIG), have revealed that EIG + spectra exhibit background-free, Lorentzian signal profiles + regardless of the pump frequencies, making a clear contrast to the + case of ordinary EIT spectra. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SadeghiM99, + author = {Sadeghi, S. M. and Meyer, J.}, + title = {Two-field electromagnetically induced transparency and + switching between ultranarrow absorption and gain features in + rubidium atoms}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {3998-4004}, + abstract = {We study the generation of an ultranarrow gain + spectrum in an atomic transition when the upper transition level is + coupled to the lower transition level by one laser and to a + metastable state by another laser. It is shown that this spectrum + switches abruptly into an ultranarrow absorption line with an + increase in the first laser intensity. These results are explained + by investigating the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) + in a system where the upper transition level is coupled to two + metastable states by two laser fields (ir; system). We discuss + various features of such a transparency and show how it can be + described as a structuring process, similar to the laser-induced + continuum structure. Utilizing such a description of EIT, we + explain the ultranarrow gain generation as a stimulated Rayleigh + scattering process. [S1050-2947(99)048052]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HamSH99, + author = {Ham, B. S. and Shahriar, S. M. and Hemmer, P. R.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency over spectral + holeburning temperature in a rare-earth-doped solid}, + journal = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {16}, + pages = {801-804}, + abstract = {We have observed electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in rare-earth Pr3+-doped Y2SiO5 over the + spectral hole-burning temperature. The transmission of the probe + laser beam is increased by a factor of exp(1.4) at 12 K when a + coupling laser of 1.2 kW/cm(2) is applied to the system. The + observation of EIT over the spectral hole-burning temperature in a + rare-earthdoped solid represents important progress toward + high-density echo-based optical memories at higher temperatures. + (C) 1999 Optical Society of America [S0740-3224(99)01605-7]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Kofman99, + author = {Kofman, A. G.}, + title = {Intensity-fluctuation-induced spectral structure}, + journal = {Europhys. Lett.}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {46}, + pages = {164-170}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with + chaotic field is considered for the constructive-interference case + (i.e.,when the material transition is much narrower than the + coupled one). The field intensity fluctuations are shown to induce + a narrow peak at the material frequency in addition to the familiar + Antler-Towns doublet. The dependence of the fluctuation-induced + peak on the field bandwidth nu is obtained analytically and + numerically. EIT is shown to increase with nu for sufficiently + small nu. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{TokarykZS99, + author = {Tokaryk, D. W. and Zhang, G. Z. and Stoicheff, B. P.}, + title = {Nonlinear optical generation in a hydrogen discharge}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {3116-3119}, + abstract = {Sum-frequency generation with electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) has been examined in a hydrogen + discharge. EIT is demonstrated in the 3p-1s and 4p-1s transitions + at 102.6 and 97.3 nln, respectively, with increased efficiency of + generation arising from higher H-atom density, although competing + effects due to the presence of Hz distort the line shapes of these + spectra. Only for shorter-wavelength transitions (such as 7p-1s and + 8p-1s) that show very large shifts and distortions is there a + decrease in intensity in comparison with generated radiation from H + atoms external to the discharge. [S1050-2917(99)01404-3]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KorsunskyLHBW99, + author = {Korsunsky, E. A. and Leinfellner, N. and Huss, A. and + Baluschev, S. and Windholz, L.}, + title = {Phase-dependent electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {59}, + pages = {2302-2305}, + abstract = {We report on the experimental demonstration of + phase-dependent electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). + This effect is based on a quantum interference in closed-loop + schemes of interaction of atoms with the radiation. It allows us to + control optical properties of the medium by the phases of the laser + fields. We discuss some of the possible applications of + phase-dependent EIT. [S1050-2947(99)01003-3]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Fleischhauer99, + author = {Fleischhauer, M.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and + coherent-state preparation in optically thick media}, + journal = {Opt. Express}, + year = {1999}, + volume = {4}, + pages = {107-112}, + abstract = {The preparation of an optically dense ensemble of + three-level systems in dark states of the interaction with coherent + radiation is discussed. It is shown that methods involving + spontaneous emissions of photons such as Raman optical pumping fail + to work beyond a critical density due to multiple scattering and + trapping of these photons and the associated decay of the dark + state(s). In optically thick media coherentstate preparation is + only possible by entirely coherent means such as stimulated Raman + adiabatic passage (STIRAP). It is shown that STIRAP is the + underlying physical mechanism for electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT). (C) 1998 Optical Society of America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{IchimuraYG98, + author = {Ichimura, K. and Yamamoto, K. and Gemma, N.}, + title = {Evidence for electromagnetically induced transparency + in a solid medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {58}, + pages = {4116-4120}, + abstract = {Strong evidence indicating the occurrence of + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a solid medium + was found. Fluorescence reduction due to Err was observed in + solids. The excitation intensity dependence of the fluorescence + reduction was found to be consistent with theoretical predictions + for EIT. It was experimentally demonstrated that the essential + condition for the observation of EIT in solids is that the Rabi + frequency of excitation must be larger than the inhomogeneous width + of the transition between the two states coupled to the third state + by the pair of optical fields. [S1050-2947(98)00311-9]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DormanM98, + author = {Dorman, C. and Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Resonant sum-difference frequency mixing enhanced by + electromagnetically induced transparency in krypton}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {58}, + pages = {4121-4132}, + abstract = {We report experiments that investigate the generation + of coherent VUV radiation at 123.6 nm via a resonant sum- + difference frequency mixing scheme in Kr. One of the mixing fields + at 212.55 nm was in two-photon resonance with the transition + between the 4p(6) S-1 ground state and the 4p(5) 5p[0,1/2] excited + state (94 093.7 cm(-1)). The second field (the coupling field) at + 759 nm was in single-photon resonance with the transition between + the 4p(5) 5p[0,1/2] state and the 4p(5) 5s[1,1/2] state at 80 917.6 + cm(-1). The presence of the coupling field leads to + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) at the wavelength of + the generated field, 123.6 nm. This is predicted to enhance the + four-wave-mixing efficiency by a large factor. We have studied the + dependence of the four-wave mixing process on the detuning and + strength of the coupling field. The efficiency for four-wave mixing + was found to be enhanced by a significant factor (>5) by the EIT + effect when the resonant coupling field strength exceeded about + half the Doppler width (0.1 cm(-1)). A calculation for + monochromatic fields and a uniform slab of gas provided qualitative + agreement with the results of experiment. The relative conversion + efficiency for this resonant mixing scheme is found to be 10(4) + times greater than that for a similar scheme where the coupling + laser is tuned far (1270 cm(-1)) off resonance. A substantial part + of this resonant enhancement can thus be attributed to the EIT + effect. [S1050-2947(98)00511-3].} +} + +@ARTICLE{YamamotoIG98, + author = {Yamamoto, K. and Ichimura, K. and Gemma, N.}, + title = {Enhanced and reduced absorptions via quantum + interference: Solid system driven by a rf field}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {58}, + pages = {2460-2466}, + abstract = {We observed quantum interference effects in + steady-state optical absorption in a V-type three-level system of + Pr3+:YAlO3 where a hyperfine transition between two upper levels + was homogeneously broadened by pure dephasing. This V-type system + was excited by a single driving radio-frequency (rf) field and two + probe laser fields (quantum-beat scheme). The probe absorption was + constructively or destructively affected by the phase of the + driving rf field. In contrast, under two-laser excitation without + application of the rf, no absorption change due to + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was observed. A + comparison of observations and theoretical predictions revealed + that the quantum-beat scheme generates quantum interference even + when the dephasing rate between the two upper levels is comparable + with the Rabi frequency of the probe laser, and completely destroys + EIT. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ChenDMV98, + author = {Chen, H. X. and Durrant, A. V. and Marangos, J. P. and + Vaccaro, J. A.}, + title = {Observation of transient electromagnetically induced + transparency in a rubidium Lambda system}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {58}, + pages = {1545-1548}, + abstract = {Observation of transient effects in + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is reported in Rb-85 + cooled in a magnetooptical trap. The transmission of a weak probe + beam in resonance with the 5S(1/2)(F=3) to 5P(3/2)(F=3) hyperfine + transition increased transiently when a relatively strong coupling + field in resonance with the 5S(1/2)(F=2) to 5P(3/2)(F=3) hyperfine + transition was switched on rapidly using a Pockels cell. The probe + transient showed an initial Rabi half-cycle overshoot before + settling down to steady-state EIT. The results agreed well with + computations using a three-state model of the Lambda system. The + computations also suggest that transient gain should be observed + with coupling field power only four times larger than that + presently available to us. [S1050-2947(98)03308-3]. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtI98, + author = {Schmidt, H. and Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {High-speed properties of a phase-modulation scheme + based on electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {23}, + pages = {1007-1009}, + abstract = {Recently a cross-phase modulation scheme that yields + giant Kerr nonlinearities by use of an electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) was proposed [Schmidt and Imamoglu, Opt. Lett. + 21, 1936 (1996)]. We analyze the high-speed properties of this + scheme for short-pulse propagation. the high-speed properties of + this scheme for short-pulse propagation. system and show that for + short pulses one-photon losses are dominant. We demonstrate that + over the entire width the attainable phase shift in an EIT scheme + with a quasi-cm coupling field is orders of magnitude higher than + in a conventional three-level scheme or in EIT schemes, in which + matched pulses are used to create the transparency. (C) 1998 + Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{LeeS98, + author = {Lee, H. and Scully, M. O.}, + title = {The physics of EIT and LWI in V-type configurations}, + journal = {Found. Phys.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {28}, + pages = {585-600}, + abstract = {We review the concepts and the physics behind + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and lasing without + inversion (LWI) for various models of the V-type configurations. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{BaluschevLKW98, + author = {Baluschev, S. and Leinfellner, N. and Korsunsky, E. A. + and Windholz, L.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency in a sodium + vapour cell}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {2}, + pages = {5-10}, + abstract = {The report on an investigation of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) in sodium vapour. In our experiment, + sodium atoms are excited on the D-1-line with laser radiation + containing two components with a frequency difference close to that + of the two hyperfine ground states of sodium (1.772 GHz). Such an + excitation leads to coherent trapping of atomic population in + "dark" superpositional states, which dramatically reduces the + absorption of light. A frequency transparency window is measured to + have a subnatural width, which is a clear indication of coherent + population trapping. Dependence of EIT on laser frequencies and + intensities, on the magnetic field strength as well as on the + temperature of the sodium vapour is studied. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{DormanMP98, + author = {Dorman, C. and Marangos, J. P. and Petch, J. C.}, + title = {Investigation of vacuum ultraviolet generation in a + resonant four-wave mixing scheme in krypton with + electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {1123-1135}, + abstract = {We report experiments investigating a resonant + sum-difference frequency mixing scheme in krypton producing + coherent radiation at 123.6 nm (i.e. in the vacuum ultraviolet + (VUV)). Owing to the resonant nature of this scheme, + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) plays a crucial role + in the generation of this coherent radiation, resulting in a + greatly enhanced conversion efficiency. This is the first time a + resonant sumdifference mixing scheme involving EIT, that + generates VUV radiation, has been investigated experimentally. Our + results are in broad agreement with theoretical predictions. + Measurements are presented of the dependence of VUV generation on + laser detuning (in the range +/-3 cm(-1)) and laser powers. In + particular the dependence on the coupling field strength has been + studied in the range of coupling held Rabi frequencies Omega(c) = + 0.05-3 cm(-1). We estimate an enhancement in the conversion + efficiency, compared with the non-resonant case, of greater than + 10(2). + } +} + +@ARTICLE{CroninWLF98, + author = {Cronin, A. D. and Warrington, R. B. and Lamoreaux, S. + K. and Fortson, E. N.}, + title = {Studies of electromagnetically induced transparency in + thallium vapor and possible utility for measuring atomic parity + nonconservation}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {80}, + pages = {3719-3722}, + abstract = {Motivated by the potential use of electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) to measure atomic parity nonconservation + (PNC), we have studied EIT and associated optical rotation for a + three-level system in thallium vapor. EIT allows sub-Doppler + resolution of the 6P(1/2) --> 6P(3/2) mixed magnetic dipole, + electric quadrupole transition at 1.28 mu m when 0.535-mu m + radiation acts on the 6P(3/2) --> 7S(1/2) transition. Our + measurements include rotation due to electromagnetically induced + birefringence and Faraday rotation perturbed by EIT. We also + identify a new method for determining the amplitude ratio E2/M1 for + the 1.28-mu m transition. The possible advantages of an EIT + technique for measuring atomic PNC are discussed in the context of + our results. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{KuhnSB98, + author = {Kuhn, A. and Steuerwald, S. and Bergmann, K.}, + title = {Coherent population transfer in NO with pulsed lasers: + the consequences of hyperfine structure, Doppler broadening and + electromagnetically induced absorption}, + journal = {Eur. Phys. J. D}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {1}, + pages = {57-70}, + abstract = {Coherent population transfer between vibrational + levels of the NO molecule induced by the interaction of two delayed + laser pulses, also referred to as stimulated Raman scattering + involving adiabatic passage (STIRAP), is studied experimentally in + a molecular beam and in the bulk. The consequences of hyperfine + splitting and Doppler broadening are discussed in detail. Unlike in + previous studies of this kind, transfer occurs simultaneously + between more than one group of non degenerate levels. In a + molecular beam or in the bulk, the transfer efficiency of STIRAP + exceeds that, obtained by Stimulated Emission Pumping (SEP) by a + factor of 3.6 or 15, respectively. We estimate the absolute + transfer efficiency T in the beam to be T approximate to 60\%, + while T approximate to 18\% is found in the bulk. In both cases: + this is 60\% of the maximum value expected from numerical studies. + Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Finally we + show that the absorption of a pump pulse in a weakly absorbing + medium is significantly enhanced by the presence of a copropagating + Stokes pulse when the Rabi frequency Omega s of the latter is + smaller than the width of the Doppler profile Delta nu(D). The + relation of this observation to the phenomenon of + Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT), which is observed + for Omega s >> Delta nu(D), is also discussed.} +} + +@ARTICLE{Marangos98, + author = {Marangos, J. P.}, + title = {Topical review electromagnetically induced + transparency}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {471-503}, + abstract = {The subject of electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) is reviewed in this paper. Emphasis is placed on + the experimental work reported in this field since 1990. + Theoretical work is also covered, although it is not intended to + review all the very numerous recent theoretical treatments on this + topic. The basic physical ideas behind EIT are elucidated. The + relation of EIT to other processes involving laser-induced atomic + coherence, such as coherent population trapping, coherent adiabatic + population transfer and lasing without inversion, is discussed. + Experimental work is described covering the following topics: EIT + with pulsed and continuouswave sources, lasing without inversion, + pulse propagation in a laser dressed medium and EIT in nonlinear + optical processes. A full set of references and a bibliography are + included.} +} + +@ARTICLE{LukinFSV98, + author = {Lukin, M. D. and Fleischhauer, M. and Scully, M. O. + and Velichansky, V. L.}, + title = {Intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {23}, + pages = {295-297}, + abstract = {The effect of intracavity electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) on the properties of optical resonators and + active laser devices is discussed theoretically. Pronounced + frequency pulling and cavity-linewidth narrowing are predicted. The + EIT effect can be used to reduce classical and quantumphase noise + of the beat note of an optical oscillator substantially. + Fundamental limits of this stabilization mechanism as well as its + potential application to high- resolution spectroscopy are + discussed. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{VaccaroDRHCH98, + author = {Vaccaro, J. A. and Durrant, A. V. and Richards, D. and + Hopkins, S. A. and Chen, H. X. and Hill, K. E.}, + title = {Stochastic wavefunction diagrams for + electromagnetically induced transparency, inversionless gain and + shelving}, + journal = {J. Mod. Opt.}, + year = {1998}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {315-333}, + abstract = {A rigorous diagrammatic description of stochastic + wavefunction evolution for electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) and inversionless gain in coherently driven three-level + systems is developed and applied to transient and steady-state + conditions. Wavefunction trajectories are illustrated for cases + that include Lambda and V-type EIT, shelving and dressed-state + resonances. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ScullyBRZ97, + author = {Scully, M. O. and Bednar, C. J. and Rostovtsev, Y. and + Zhu, S. Y.}, + title = {Counter-counter-intuitive quantum coherence effects}, + journal = {Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. + Sci.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {355}, + pages = {2305-2311}, + abstract = {The study of an ensemble of phase-coherent atoms has + recently lead to interesting theoretical innovations and + experimental demonstrations of counter-intuitive effects such as + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), lasing without + inversion (LWI), enhancement of index of refraction and ultra- + large nonlinear susceptibility. In the present notes, we report a + couple of new effects along these lines. In fact, it would be fair + to call them surprises even in the repertoire of 'counter- + intuitive effects', i.e. 'counter-counter-intuitive effects'. + Specifically, we will show that the LWI concept, which is based on + quantum coherence, has an interesting counterpart in the classical + physics of free electron laser operation. In other current work, we + find that it is possible to 'lock' atoms in an excited state via + atomic coherence. It is, by now, not surprising that such a + phase-coherent ensemble can show holes or dark lines in the + emission spectrum. It is surprising that we can lock atoms in an + excited (normally decaying) state via atomic coherence and + interference. Such a phase-coherent collection of atoms, i.e. + 'phaseonium', is indeed a novel new state of matter. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HamHS97, + author = {Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R. and Shahriar, M. S.}, + title = {Efficient electromagnetically induced transparency in + a rareearth doped crystal}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {144}, + pages = {227-230}, + abstract = {We have observed up to 100\% transmission of a probe + field at line center due to electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in an optically dense rare-earth crystal of Pr3+ + doped Y2SiO5 at 5.5 K. We also have examined both laser field + intensity and temperature dependence of the EIT. Efficient EIT in + this crystal opens potential applications such as efficient + high-resolution image processing and signal processing, and optical + data storage as well as lasers without population inversion in + solids. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{CataliottiFPI97, + author = {Cataliotti, F. S. and Fort, C. and Prevedelli, M. and + Inguscio, M.}, + title = {Full resolution of the Autler-Townes Zeeman multiplet + for cold cesium atoms in a three-level Lambda-type configuration}, + journal = {Can. J. Phys.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {75}, + pages = {767-773}, + abstract = {Cold cesium atoms released from a magneto-optical trap + were investigated in Lambda-type configurations of hyperfine levels + of the D-2 line. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was + observed and studied as a function of relevant parameters of the + pump-probe lasers. Full resolution of the Zeeman degeneracy was + obtained for the first time through the different dependence of the + Autler-Townes effect. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LukinFZRVHS97, + author = {Lukin, M. D. and Fleischhauer, M. and Zibrov, A. S. + and Robinson, H. G. and Velichansky, V. L. and Hollberg, L. and + Scully, M. O.}, + title = {Spectroscopy in dense coherent media: Line narrowing + and interference effects}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {79}, + pages = {2959-2962}, + abstract = {Spectroscopic properties of coherently prepared, + optically dense atomic media are studied experimentally and + analyzed theoretically. It is shown that in such media the power + broadening of the resonances can be substantially reduced. A + density-dependent spectral narrowing of the electromagnetically + induced transparency (EIT) window and novel, even narrower, + resonances superimposed on the EIT line are observed in dense Rb + vapor. A nonlinear two-photon spectroscopic technique based on + coherent atomic media and combining high resolution with a large + signal-to-noise ratio seems feasible. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{Kofman97, + author = {Kofman, A. G.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with coherent + and stochastic fields}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {56}, + pages = {2280-2291}, + abstract = {This paper deals with electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT), i.e., a significant suppression of absorption + at a material transition (in the form of a dip in an absorption + spectrum), due to a strong laser field, coupling the excited level + with an auxiliary excited (unpopulated) level. A comprehensive + theory of EIT is developed for the cases of coherent and Markovian + phase-and amplitude-phase-fluctuating coupling fields. For a + coherent coupling field, a shift of the absorption minimum from the + two-photon resonance is revealed in the off-resonance case. Two + models of amplitude-phase fluctuating fields are considered: the + chaotic field and the uncorrelated-jump field. Closed analytical + expressions for EIT line shape are derived and exact Limits of + different regimes of EIT an obtained, the emphasis being on the + near-resonance case, The main conclusion is that an + amplitude-phase-fluctuating field can induce significant + transparency, though reduced in comparison to a phase-fluctuating + field of the same average intensity and bandwidth. EIT decreases + with the increase of the bandwidth for all stochastic models + considered. EIT with a chaotic field is generally less pronounced + than EIT with an uncorrelated-jump field of the same intensity and + bandwidth, the difference increasing with the field intensity. The + possibility of experimental verification of the results obtained is + discussed. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HamSH97, + author = {Ham, B. S. and Shahriar, M. S. and Hemmer, P. R.}, + title = {Enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing owing to + electromagnetically induced transparency in a spectral holeburning + crystal}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {22}, + pages = {1138-1140}, + abstract = {We have demonstrated electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in an inhomogeneously broadened spectral + hole-burning system of Pr3+-doped Y2SiO5 at 6 K. We have also shown + enhancement of four-wave mixing under conditions of reduced + absorption. This demonstration opens the possibilities of pursuing + EIT applications such as high-resolution optical image processing + and optical data storage in solids. (C) 1997 Optical Society of + America. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{ZhangTSH97, + author = {Zhang, G. Z. and Tokaryk, D. W. and Stoicheff, B. P. + and Hakuta, K.}, + title = {Nonlinear generation of extreme-ultraviolet radiation + in atomic hydrogen using electromagnetically induced transparency}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {56}, + pages = {813-819}, + abstract = {Sum-frequency generation enhanced by + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has been extended to + the production of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the range + 97.3-92.6 nm from np-ls transitions (n = 4-8) in atomic hydrogen. + Pulsed radiation Was generated by strong coupling of the np and 2s + levels with laser radiation at Balmer wavelengths, and + simultaneously (weaker) coupling of the 2s and Is levels by + two-photon resonance with 243-nm laser radiation. + Investigations were carried out over a range of laser intensities + and products of interaction length and atomic density (NL). As the + product NL increased, the XUV intensities were greatly enhanced by + EIT, and at high NL values, the spectral distributions of some of + the generated signals were found to be distorted by the presence of + molecular hydrogen. Calculated profiles, modified to incorporate + the effects of nearby molecular resonances, were shown to be in + good agreement with the observed spectra. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SchmidtCGI97, + author = {Schmidt, H. and Campman, K. L. and Gossard, A. C. and + Imamoglu, A.}, + title = {Tunneling induced transparency: Fano interference in + intersubband transitions}, + journal = {Appl. Phys. Lett.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {70}, + pages = {3455-3457}, + abstract = {We report the observation of tunneling induced + transparency in asymmetric double quantum well structures. Resonant + tunneling through a thin barrier is used to coherently couple the + two upper states in a three level system of electronic subbands in + a GaAs/AlGaAs structure. This creates Fano-type interferences for + the collective intersubband excitations in the absorption from the + ground state, analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency + (EIT) in atomic systems. We observe a 50\% reduction in absorption + between the subband resonances which can be explained by taking + into account the coherent coupling of the upper states. We analyze + the bias dependent absorption spectra and determine the relevant + lifetime broadening and dephasing rates for the transitions. (C) + 1997 American Institute of Physics. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{FortCHIP97, + author = {Fort, C. and Cataliotti, F. S. and Hansch, T. W. and + Inguscio, M. and Prevedelli, M.}, + title = {Gain without inversion on the cesium D-1 line}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {139}, + pages = {31-34}, + abstract = {We investigated electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in a V-type system in cesium at room + temperature: a strong coupling laser at 852 nm was locked on the + D-2 transition while the transmission of a weak probe at 894 nm has + been recorded as the frequency was scanned through the D-1 + transition. The addition of an incoherent pump on the D-1 line has + allowed for the observation of non-inverted gain. A systematic + investigation of the effect for different hyperfine sublevels has + been performed as a function of the relevant experimental + parameters. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{HopkinsUCD97, + author = {Hopkins, S. A. and Usadi, E. and Chen, H. X. and + Durrant, A. V.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced transparency of + laser-cooled rubidium atoms in three-level Lambda-type systems}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {138}, + pages = {185-192}, + abstract = {We have observed electromagnetically induced + transparency (EIT) in laser-cooled rubidium in a magneto-optical + trap (MOT). Lambda-type configurations of hyperfine levels of the + D2 line were studied, as well as a system utilising degenerate + Zeeman sublevels of the ground state. V-type signals were also + seen. The perturbing effects of the MOT were found to be small and + the results agree well with standard EIT theory for + homogeneously-broadened samples. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{SandhyaS97, + author = {Sandhya, S. N. and Sharma, K. K.}, + title = {Atomic coherence effects in four-level systems: + Doppler-free absorption within an + electromagnetically-induced-transparency window}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {55}, + pages = {2155-2158}, + abstract = {We report here an effect in a four-level ladderlike + system, which is in contrast to the usual quantum interference + effects such as electromagnetically induced transperency (EIT) or + coherent population trapping: we predict the occurrence of a narrow + absorption peak within the EIT window when an EIT atomic system + interacts with an additional driving rf field. The + Doppler-free-central absorption appears when the three-photon + resonance condition is satisfied. In the limit of the rf field + strength Omega(rf)-->0, the usual EIT profile is recovered.} +} + +@ARTICLE{GongXP97, + author = {Gong, S. Q. and Xu, Z. Z. and Pan, S. H.}, + title = {Electromagnetically induced focusing in a Lambda-type + medium}, + journal = {Acta Phys. Sin.-Overseas Ed.}, + year = {1997}, + volume = {6}, + pages = {13-17}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an + inhomogenously broadened medium consisting of h-type threelevel + atoms has been analyzed. It is shown that the Lambda system can + induce a transparency of the medium when the probe laser and the + coupling laser have the same frequency detunings (including zero). + Across the EIT window, the radial variation of the strong coupling + laser radiation may lead to electromagnetically induced focusing or + defocusing of the weak probe laser at separate probe frequency + detuning points.} +} + +@ARTICLE{ShepherdFD96, + author = {Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {Wavelength dependence of coherently induced + transparency in a Doppler-broadened cascade medium}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {54}, + pages = {5394-5399}, + abstract = {The effect of changing the coupling laser transition, + and hence the wavelength, on the coherently induced transparency + seen by a probe beam in a Doppler-broadened cascade + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) configuration is + studied experimentally and theoretically. The transparency of the + vapor is shown to be an effect not just of EIT, but of the varying + Autler-Townes splitting for each velocity group within the vapor. + Consequently, the best overall transparency for Rabi splittings + less than the Doppler width is not at the position of matched + coupling and probe wavelengths, but for coupling wavelengths less + than that of the probe. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{LiX96, + author = {Li, Y. Q. and Xiao, M.}, + title = {Enhancement of nondegenerate four-wave mixing based on + electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms}, + journal = {Opt. Lett.}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {21}, + pages = {1064-1066}, + abstract = {We report an experimental observation of the + enhancement of nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) based on + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a lambda-type + three-level system of rubidium atoms. We measured both the linear + susceptibility Im chi(1) over (D) (absorption) and the third-order + nonlinear coefficient chi(3) over (D) separately for the NDFWM + process at a low atomic density. We found that, owing to the EIT + effect, the linear absorption term Im chi(1) over d(D) is greatly + reduced, while the nonlinear generation term chi(3) over (D) is + resonantly enhanced, permitting us to observe a significant + enhancement of the NDFWM signal in an optically dense medium. (C) + 1996 Optical Society of America.} +} + +@ARTICLE{RiceB96, + author = {Rice, P. R. and Brecha, R. J.}, + title = {Cavity induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {126}, + pages = {230-235}, + abstract = {We consider a two-level atom inside a cavity. We find + that the absorption spectrum of the atom may exhibit a hole at line + center for a weak probe. This hole appears when the cavity + linewidth is small compared to the atom-field coupling strength, + which is itself smaller than the atom's free space linewidth. In + the weak-field limit, this system is analogous to a three-level + atom, where similar absorption holes at line center occur due to + electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). In EIT, a strong + field is required to strongly mix the upper two levels, whereas in + the system we consider, it is the atom-field coupling strength that + plays this role. An alternate explanation in terms of interference + between the cavity field and atomic polarization is given. We also + examine the driven cavity case. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MoseleySFSD96, + author = {Moseley, R. R. and Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and + Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {Electromagnetically-induced focusing}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1996}, + volume = {53}, + pages = {408-415}, + abstract = {The theoretical basis for electromagnetically-induced + focusing (EIF), which is caused by spatial variations-in the + coupling laser strength in an electromagnetically-induced + transparency (EIT) experiment, is studied in detail. Using a + numerical model it is shown that radial changes in both absorption + and refractive index are important in predicting the probe beam's + propagation conditions. Detailed calculations of the focusing and + defocusing during EIF under various conditions are presented and + compared with appropriate experiments. + Diffraction like patterns are predicted for, and observed on, a + probe beam after propagation through a smaller EIT aperture.} +} + +@ARTICLE{FultonSMSD95, + author = {Fulton, D. J. and Shepherd, S. and Moseley, R. R. and + Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {Continuous-wave electromagnetically induced + transparency - a comparison of v-system, lambda-system, and cascade + systems}, + journal = {Phys. Rev. A}, + year = {1995}, + volume = {52}, + pages = {2302-2311}, + abstract = {A theoretical and experimental investigation has been + carried out into the viability of V-type, Lambda-type, and cascade + systems within rubidium for the observation of + electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT), A Lambda-type + system is also discussed where EIT is induced on a two-photon + transition. Continuous-wave single-frequency titanium sapphire + lasers have been employed to provide the applied optical fields. It + is found that systems that have a strong coupling field resonant + with the 5S(1/2) ground state suffer from complicating optical + pumping mechanisms that tend to mask EIT windows. It is also found + that wavelength matching of the applied optical fields enhances the + observation of EIT since this results in a reduced residual Doppler + linewidth of the atomic system. + } +} + +@ARTICLE{MoseleySFSD95, + author = {Moseley, R. R. and Shepherd, S. and Fulton, D. J. and + Sinclair, B. D. and Dunn, M. H.}, + title = {2-photon effects in continuous-wave + electromagnetically-induced transparency}, + journal = {Opt. Commun.}, + year = {1995}, + volume = {119}, + pages = {61-68}, + abstract = {Electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) in a + cascade three-level scheme is studied in rubidium vapour using + continuous-wave titanium sapphire lasers. A counter-propagating + experimental configuration significantly reduces the coupling laser + power requirements and a reduction in absorption of over 90\% is + observed. The hyperfine structure of the upper level is seen within + the EIT feature and the application of EIT to highresolution + two-photon spectroscopy is discussed. Simultaneous measurements of + the excitation to the upper state are presented and clearly show + Autler-Townes splitting and power broadening.} +} + -- cgit v1.2.3