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authorEugeniy Mikhailov <evgmik@gmail.com>2014-10-15 23:12:45 -0400
committerEugeniy Mikhailov <evgmik@gmail.com>2014-10-15 23:12:45 -0400
commit1bac47d479ddee29c36c279f22f0c726070e2d5a (patch)
treecc43e9dc4e207a2947b9b97a4748f3b6dda7bd43
parent32d57488a2389c8a4dda48aa510c8089617baec0 (diff)
downloadmanual_for_Experimental_Atomic_Physics-1bac47d479ddee29c36c279f22f0c726070e2d5a.tar.gz
manual_for_Experimental_Atomic_Physics-1bac47d479ddee29c36c279f22f0c726070e2d5a.zip
typos fixed, thanks to Dean
-rw-r--r--supcon.tex16
1 files changed, 8 insertions, 8 deletions
diff --git a/supcon.tex b/supcon.tex
index bd1f05b..3a5d408 100644
--- a/supcon.tex
+++ b/supcon.tex
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Solids can be roughly divided into four classes, according to the way they
conduct electricity. They are: Metals, Semiconductors, Insulators and
Superconductors. The behavior of these types of materials is explained by
quantum mechanics. Basically, when atoms form a solid, the atomic levels of the
-electrons combine to form bands. That is over a finite range of energy there
+electrons combine to form bands. That is, over a finite range of energies there
are states available to electrons. Since only one electron can occupy a given
state, the {\bf Pauli Exclusion Principle}, electrons will fill these states up
to some maximum, the Fermi Energy: $E_f$. A solid is a metal if it has an
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ making a metal a good conductor of electricity. If the solid has a band which
is completely full, with an energy gap to the next band, that solid will not
conduct electricity very well, making it an insulator. A semiconductor is
between a metal and insulator: while it has a full band (the valence band),
-the next band (the conduction band) is close enough in energy and so that the
+the next band (the conduction band) is close enough in energy, and so the
electrons can easily reach it. Superconductors are in a class by themselves.
They can be metals or insulators at room temperature. Below a certain
temperature, called the critical temperature, the electrons ``pair'' together (in
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ dissipation.
resistance. Superconductors have a critical temperature, above which they lose their
superconducting properties.
- Another striking demonstrations of superconductivity is the \textbf{Meissner effect}.
- Magnetic fields cannot penetrate superconducting surface, instead a
+ Another striking demonstration of superconductivity is the \textbf{Meissner effect}.
+ Magnetic fields cannot penetrate superconducting surfaces, instead a
superconductor attempts to expel all magnetic field
lines. It is fairly simple to intuitively understand the Meissner effect, if you imagine a perfect
conductor of electricity. If placed in a magnetic field,
Faraday's Law says an induced current which opposes the field
- would be setup. But unlike in an ordinary metal, this induced current does not dissipate in
+ would be set up. But unlike in an ordinary metal, this induced current does not dissipate in
a perfect conductor. So, this
induced current would always be present to produce a field
which opposes the external field. In addition, microscopic dipole moments
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ superconductor disk. Record what you observe.
\item Try demonstrating a \emph{frictionless magnetic bearing}: if you carefully set the magnet rotating,
you will observe that the magnet continues to rotate for a long time. Also, try
moving the magnet across the superconductor. Do you feel any resistance? If you
- feel resistance, why is this.
+ feel resistance, why is this?
\item Using tweezers, take the disk (with the magnet on it) out of the
- nitrogen (just place it on side of disk), allowing it to
+ nitrogen and place it beside of the container, allowing it to
warm. Watch the thermocouple reading carefully, and take a reading
when the magnet fails to levitate any longer. This is a rough estimate of the
critical temperature. Make sure you record it!
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ At room temperature, you should be reading a non-zero
V=0 (R=0). At a critical temperature, you will see a voltage
(resistance) appear.
-\item Repeat this measurement several time to acquire significant number of data points
+\item Repeat this measurement several times to acquire a significant number of data points
near the critical temperature (6.4-4.5 mV). Make a plot of
resistance versus temperature, and make an estimate of the critical
temperature based on this plot.