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@ARTICLE{Xiao03,
	author	    = {Xiao, M.},
	title	    = {Novel linear and nonlinear optical properties of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency systems},
	journal     = {IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {9},
	pages	    = {86-92},
	abstract    = {We describe some interesting linear and nonlinear
	  optical properties of three-level electromagnetically induced
	  transparency (EIT) systems, such as absorption reduction, sharp
	  dispersion change, and enhanced Kerr nonlinearity. These novel
	  optical properties are very useful in enhancing efficient nonlinear
	  optical processes, which can find applications in optoelectronic
	  devices. We present some experiments done in our group in the past
	  few years with three-level atomic systems, especially more recent
	  experiments with EIT medium inside an optical cavity.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{LeKienLH03,
	author	    = {Le Kien, F. and Liang, J. Q. and Hakuta, K.},
	title	    = {Slow light produced by far-off-resonance Raman
	  scattering},
	journal     = {IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {9},
	pages	    = {93-101},
	abstract    = {The authors survey the theoretical and experimental
	  aspects of generation of slow light in a far-off-resonance Raman
	  medium driven by a strong coupling field. When material dispersion
	  is negligible, the propagation of two coupled sidebands can be
	  described in terms of two. normal modes that propagate
	  independently at different group velocities, one at the vacuum
	  speed of light and one at a reduced velocity. They use solid
	  hydrogen as a Raman medium to demonstrate the generation of slow
	  light. The numerical calculations and experimental observations
	  show that, due to high density, narrow Raman width, and small
	  two-photon detuning, far-off-resonance Raman scattering in solid
	  hydrogen can slow down the pulse-peak velocity of the Stokes and
	  anti-Stokes fields to the order of c/10000. This velocity reduction
	  affects the amplitudes of the Stokes and anti-Stokes fields via the
	  beating between the normal modes. the double-peak structure
	  observed in the intensity temporal profiles of the sideband fields
	  is a signature of the splitting of the copropagating, normal
	  modes.}
}

@ARTICLE{DeyA03,
	author	    = {Dey, T. N. and Agarwal, G. S.},
	title	    = {Storage and retrieval of light pulses at moderate
	  powers},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {67},
	pages	    = {033813},
	abstract    = {We investigate whether it is possible to store and
	  retrieve an intense probe pulse using a medium that can be modeled
	  as a set of atoms with the relevant energy levels in Lambda
	  configuration. We demonstrate that it is indeed possible to store
	  and retrieve the probe pulses that are not necessarily weak. We
	  find that the retrieved pulse remains a replica of the original
	  pulse, although there is overall broadening and loss of the
	  intensity. The loss of intensity can be understood in terms of the
	  dependence of absorption on the intensity of the probe. Our
	  calculations include the dynamics of the control field, which
	  becomes especially important as the intensity of the probe pulse
	  increases. We use the adiabatic theory of Grobe [Phys. Rev. Lett.
	  73, 3183 (1994)] to understand our numerical results on the storage
	  and retrieval of light pulses at moderate powers.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{BigelowLB03,
	author	    = {Bigelow, M. S. and Lepeshkin, N. N. and Boyd, R. W.},
	title	    = {Observation of ultraslow light propagation in a ruby
	  crystal at room temperature},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {90},
	pages	    = {113903},
	abstract    = {We have observed slow light propagation with a group
	  velocity as low as 57.5+/-0.5 m/s at room temperature in a ruby
	  crystal. A quantum coherence effect, coherent population
	  oscillations, produces a very narrow spectral "hole" in the
	  homogeneously broadened absorption profile of ruby. The resulting
	  rapid spectral variation of the refractive index leads to a large
	  value of the group index. We observe slow light propagation both
	  for Gaussian-shaped light pulses and for amplitude modulated
	  optical beams in a system that is much simpler than those
	  previously used for generating slow light.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{FicekSSAB03,
	author	    = {Ficek, Z. and Seke, J. and Soldatov, A. V. and Adam,
	  G. and Bogolubov, N. N.},
	title	    = {Multilevel coherence effects in a two-level atom
	  driven by a trichromatic field},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {217},
	pages	    = {299-309},
	abstract    = {We study the absorption and dispersion properties of a
	  weak probe field monitoring a two-level atom driven by a
	  trichromatic field. We calculate the steady-state linear
	  susceptibility and find that the system can produce a number of
	  multilevel coherence effects predicted for atoms composed of three
	  and more energy levels. Although the atom has only one transition
	  channel, the multilevel effects are possible because there are
	  multichannel transitions between dressed states induced by the
	  driving field. In particular, we show that the system can exhibit
	  multiple electromagnetically induced transparency and can also
	  produce a strong amplification at the central frequency which is
	  not attributed to population inversion in both the atomic bare
	  states and in the dressed atomic states. Moreover, we show that the
	  absorption and dispersion of the probe field is sensitive to the
	  initial relative phase of the components of the driving field. In
	  addition, we show that the group velocity of the probe field can be
	  controlled by changing the initial relative phases or frequencies
	  of the driving fields and can also be varied from subluminal to
	  superluminal. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{JuzeliunasMF03,
	author	    = {Juzeliunas, G. and Masalas, M. and Fleischhauer, M.},
	title	    = {Storing and releasing light in a gas of moving atoms},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {67},
	pages	    = {023809},
	abstract    = {We propose a scheme of storing and releasing pulses or
	  cw beams of light in a moving atomic medium illuminated by two
	  stationary and spatially separated control lasers. The method is
	  based on electromagnetically induced transparency but in contrast
	  to previous schemes, storage and retrieval of the probe pulse can
	  be achieved at different locations and without switching off the
	  control laser.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{AgarwalD03,
	author	    = {Agarwal, G. S. and Dasgupta, S.},
	title	    = {Laser-induced breakdown of the magnetic-field-reversal
	  symmetry in the propagation of unpolarized light},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {67},
	pages	    = {023814},
	abstract    = {We show how a medium, under the influence of a
	  coherent control field that is resonant or close to resonance to an
	  appropriate atomic transition, can lead to very strong asymmetries
	  in the propagation of unpolarized light when the direction of the
	  magnetic field is reversed. We show how electromagnetically induced
	  transparency (EIT) can be used in atomic vapor to mimic this
	  magnetochiral effect that occurs in natural systems. EIT can
	  produce much larger asymmetry than the well-known magnetochiral
	  effect as we use the dipole-allowed transitions here. Using
	  density-matrix calculations we present results for the breakdown of
	  the magnetic-field-reversal symmetry for two different atomic
	  configurations.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{GreentreeRVDdSM03,
	author	    = {Greentree, A. D. and Richards, D. and Vaccaro, J. A.
	  and Durrant, A. V. and de Echaniz, S. R. and Segal, D. M. and
	  Marangos, J. P.},
	title	    = {Intensity-dependent dispersion under conditions of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency in coherently prepared
	  multistate atoms},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {67},
	pages	    = {023818},
	abstract    = {Interest in lossless nonlinearities has focussed on
	  the dispersive properties of Lambda systems under conditions of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We generalize the
	  Lambda system by introducing further degenerate states to realize a
	  "chain Lambda" atom where multiple coupling of the probe field
	  significantly enhances the intensity-dependent dispersion without
	  compromising the EIT condition.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ZhuL02,
	author	    = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.},
	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency mediated by
	  phonons in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems},
	journal     = {Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {75},
	pages	    = {861-864},
	abstract    = {It is shown theoretically that electromagnetically
	  induced transparency (EIT), due to strong exciton-phonon coupling
	  can occur in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems such as
	  polymers and organic semiconductors and lead to ultra-slow light
	  effects. The results indicate that the strong coupling of excitons
	  and phonons is important, but the excitonexciton interaction
	  plays a small role in the generation of the EIT. Numerical results
	  for polydiacetylene-toluene sulfonate are also presented. This EIT
	  in a solid-state medium might be utilized for efficient multiwave
	  mixing and quantum nondemolition measurements, as well as for novel
	  acousto- optical devices.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{HaasK03,
	author	    = {Haas, M. and Keitel, C. H.},
	title	    = {Low group velocity of light without an extra driving
	  laser field},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {216},
	pages	    = {385-389},
	abstract    = {Coherent light pulse propagation is investigated in a
	  medium of three-level atoms with two possibly closely spaced upper
	  levels without the presence of any auxiliary driving laser fields.
	  We derive an analytic expression for the group velocity in this
	  system and demonstrate that it may be very low along with a small
	  pulse distortion for a certain range of intensities. The group
	  velocity is shown to depend sensitively on the upper level
	  splitting and may thus be conveniently controlled by a magnetic
	  field rather than an extra laser field. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science
	  B.V. All rights reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{AlzarCGSN03,
	author	    = {Alzar, C. L. G. and Cruz, L. S. and Gomez, J. G. A.
	  and Santos, M. F. and Nussenzveig, P.},
	title	    = {Super-Poissonian intensity fluctuations and
	  correlations between pump and probe fields in Electromagnetically
	  Induced Transparency},
	journal     = {Europhys. Lett.},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {61},
	pages	    = {485-491},
	abstract    = {We have measured the intensity fluctuations of pump
	  and probe beams after interaction with Rb atoms in a situation of
	  Electromagnetically Induced Transparency. Both fields present
	  super-Poissonian statistics and their intensities become
	  correlated, in good qualitative agreement with theoretical
	  predictions in which both fields are treated quantummechanically.
	  The intensity correlations measured are a first step towards the
	  observation of entanglement between the fields.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{AkulshinCSHO03,
	author	    = {Akulshin, A. M. and Cimmino, A. and Sidorov, A. I. and
	  Hannaford, P. and Opat, G. I.},
	title	    = {Light propagation in an atomic medium with steep and
	  signreversible dispersion},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {67},
	pages	    = {011801},
	abstract    = {We show that ground-state Zeeman coherence prepared by
	  twophoton Raman transitions in alkali atoms results in steep
	  controllable and sign-reversible dispersion. Pulse propagation with
	  small negative as well as positive group velocity of light (-c/5100
	  and c/41 000) in a Cs vapor cell is reported. Energy exchange
	  between copropagating light components through long- lived Zeeman
	  coherence with enhanced absorption or transmission has been
	  observed.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KlimovSDY03,
	author	    = {Klimov, A. B. and Sanchez-Soto, L. L. and Delgado, J.
	  and Yustas, E. C.},
	title	    = {Phase states for a three-level atom interacting with
	  quantum fields},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2003},
	volume	    = {67},
	pages	    = {013803},
	abstract    = {We introduce phase operators associated with the
	  algebra su(3), which is the appropriate tool to describe
	  three-level systems. The rather unusual properties of this phase
	  are caused by the small dimension of the system and are explored in
	  detail. When a three-level atom interacts with a quantum field in a
	  cavity, a polynomial deformation of this algebra emerges in a
	  natural way. We also introduce a polar decomposition of the
	  atom-field relative amplitudes that leads to a Hermitian
	  relative-phase operator, whose eigenstates correctly describe the
	  corresponding phase properties. We claim that this is the natural
	  variable to deal with quantum interference effects in atom-field
	  interactions. We find the probability distribution for this
	  variable and study its time evolution in some special cases.
	  }
}


@ARTICLE{RostovtsevPLJ02,
	author	    = {Rostovtsev, Y. and Protsenko, I. and Lee, H. and
	  Javan, A.},
	title	    = {From laser-induced line narrowing to
	  electromagnetically induced transparency in a Doppler-broadened
	  system},
	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {49},
	pages	    = {2501-2516},
	abstract    = {The laser-induced line narrowing effect in Doppler
	  broadened systems was discovered thirty years ago. We have
	  revisited this effect to determine its role for dense gases where
	  recent experimental studies have found many intriguing atomic
	  coherence effects. Using the density matrix approach, we study the
	  width of electromagnetically induced transparency under different
	  regimes of broadening.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{RostovtsevKS02,
	author	    = {Rostovtsev, Y. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Scully, M.
	  O.},
	title	    = {Stop and go control of light in hot atomic gases},
	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {49},
	pages	    = {2637-2643},
	abstract    = {We consider a new way to trap light pulses inside a
	  gaseous medium by using additional electromagnetic fields. The
	  drive field controls the transparency and the dispersion of the
	  medium. Applied auxiliary fields provide additional control on the
	  propagation of the probe pulse via the dragging effect resulting
	  from the population redistribution between hyperfine levels of
	  different velocity groups. The density matrix calculation is
	  performed to prove that these effects are experimentally feasible.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KuznetsovaKHS02,
	author	    = {Kuznetsova, E. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Hemmer, P.
	  and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Atomic interference phenomena in solids with a
	  long-lived spin coherence},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {66},
	pages	    = {063802},
	abstract    = {We generalize the theory of electromagnetically
	  induced transparency (EIT) and slow group velocity for the case of
	  the homogeneous and inhomogeneous line broadening in both oneand
	  two-photon transitions which unavoidably takes place in solid
	  materials with a long-lived spin coherence. We identify regimes of
	  EIT where the linewidth can be essentially reduced due to
	  inhomogeneous broadening and, moreover, can be proportional to the
	  amplitude of the driving field rather than the intensity. We
	  suggest also a class of solid materials, namely, rare-earth ion
	  doped semiconductors or dielectrics with electricdipole allowed
	  transitions, that is very promising for realization and
	  applications of EIT.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{PatnaikLH02,
	author	    = {Patnaik, A. K. and Liang, J. Q. and Hakuta, K.},
	title	    = {Slow light propagation in a thin optical fiber via
	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {66},
	pages	    = {063808},
	abstract    = {We propose a configuration that utilizes
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to tailor a fiber
	  mode propagating inside a thin optical fiber and coherently control
	  its dispersion properties to drastically reduce the group velocity
	  of the fiber mode. The key to this proposal is that the evanescent
	  field of the thin fiber strongly couples with the surrounding
	  active medium, so that the EIT condition is met by the medium. We
	  show how the properties of the fiber mode are modified due to the
	  EIT medium, both numerically and analytically. We demonstrate that
	  the group velocity of the modified fiber mode can be drastically
	  reduced (approximate to44 m/sec) using the coherently prepared
	  orthohydrogen doped in a matrix of parahydrogen crystal as the EIT
	  medium.}
}

@ARTICLE{HuDLL02,
	author	    = {Hu, Z. F. and Du, C. G. and Li, D. J. and Li, S. Q.},
	title	    = {Atomic interaction effects on electromagnetically
	  induced transparency and slow light in ultracold Bose gas},
	journal     = {Chin. Phys. Lett.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {19},
	pages	    = {1805-1807},
	abstract    = {We investigate electromagnetically induced
	  transparency and slow group velocity of light in ultracold Bose gas
	  with a twophoton Raman process. The properties of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency and light speed can be
	  changed by controlling the atomic interaction. Atomic interaction
	  can be used as a knob to control the optical properties of atomic
	  media. This can be realized in experiment by using the Feshbach
	  resonance technique.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{HongJYM02,
	author	    = {Hong, T. and Jack, M. W. and Yamashita, M. and Mukai,
	  T.},
	title	    = {Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity for self-action via atomic
	  coherence in a four-level atomic system},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {214},
	pages	    = {371-380},
	abstract    = {Enhancement of optical Kerr nonlinearity for
	  self-action by electro-magnetically induced transparency in a
	  four-level atomic system including dephasing between the ground
	  states is studied in detail by solving the density matrix equations
	  for the atomic levels. We discern three major contributions, from
	  energy shifts of the ground states induced by the probe light, to
	  the third-order susceptibility in the four-level system. In this
	  four-level system with the frequency-degenerate probes, quantum
	  interference amongst the three contributions can, not only enhance
	  the third-order susceptibility more effectively than in the
	  three-level system with the same characteristic parameters, but
	  also make the ratio between its real and imaginary part
	  controllable. Due to dephasing between the two ground states and
	  constructive quantum interference, the most effective enhancement
	  generally occurs at an offset that is determined by the atomic
	  transition frequency difference and the coupling Rabi frequency.
	  (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{PayneDSA02,
	author	    = {Payne, M. G. and Deng, L. and Schmitt, C. and
	  Anderson, S.},
	title	    = {Studies of group-velocity reduction and pulse
	  regeneration with and without the adiabatic approximation},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {66},
	pages	    = {043802},
	abstract    = {We present a detailed semiclassical study of the
	  propagation of a pair of optical fields in resonant media with and
	  without the adiabatic approximation. In the case of nearand
	  on-resonance excitation, we show detailed calculations, both
	  analytical and numerical, of the extremely slowly propagating probe
	  pulse and the subsequent regeneration of a pulse via a coupling
	  laser. Further discussions of the adiabatic approximation provide
	  much subtle understanding of the process, including the effect on
	  the bandwidth of the regenerated optical field. We show that the
	  adiabatic condition does not generally predict that the regenerated
	  field will have the same bandwidth as that of the original probe
	  pulse. Indeed, we show analytically that for a set of coupling
	  pulses well satisfying the adiabatic conditions, the regenerated
	  field usually has a different bandwidth from the original probe
	  pulse. For very-far-off resonance excitations, we show that the
	  analytical solution is nearly detuning independent, providing a
	  simple condition is satisfied. This surprising result is vigorously
	  tested and compared to numerical calculations with very good
	  agreement.}
}

@ARTICLE{GodoneLM02,
	author	    = {Godone, A. and Levi, F. and Micalizio, S.},
	title	    = {Slow light and superluminality in the coherent
	  population trapping maser},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {66},
	pages	    = {043804},
	abstract    = {The propagation of a band-limited light pulse through
	  an atomic medium under a A excitation scheme is theoretically
	  analyzed in this paper. We consider in particular the case where
	  the light pulse is detected through the coherent microwave emission
	  of the atomic ensemble (coherent population trapping maser).
	  Significant differences are predicted with respect to the more
	  usual optical detection (electromagnetically induced transparency
	  signal) and found in agreement with the experimental results.
	  Higher signal delays were observed m the microwave emission than in
	  the optical signal with an equivalent group velocity of 6 m/s as
	  well as highly superluminal propagation under a proper modulation
	  scheme. The experiments were performed with a thermal Rb-87 vapor
	  in buffer gas.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ThanopulosS02,
	author	    = {Thanopulos, I. and Shapiro, M.},
	title	    = {Slowing down of light by laser induced barrier
	  hopping},
	journal     = {J. Chem. Phys.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {117},
	pages	    = {8404-8411},
	abstract    = {We suggest that a very significant reduction in the
	  group velocity of light occurs in a laser induced barrier-hopping
	  process, known as "Laser Catalysis.'' In this process a system is
	  made to hop over a potential barrier via a virtual transition to an
	  excited bound state. As in electromagnetically induced transparency
	  (EIT), the light absorption is predicted to dip to zero at a
	  certain frequency, thereby also changing the refractive index,
	  inducing in turn the slowing down of the group velocity of the
	  light. In contrast to EIT, a single pulse is predicted to induce
	  its own transparency and in contrast to self-induced transparency
	  the process is predicted to be insensitive to the pulse area (as
	  long as the pulse is intense enough to meet the adiabaticity
	  criterion). Thus, the medium becomes transparent to the light, as
	  the laser induced barrierhopping process brings about a
	  fundamental change in the medium. (C) 2002 American Institute of
	  Physics.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{AkulshinCO02,
	author	    = {Akulshin, A. M. and Cimmino, A. and Opat, G. I.},
	title	    = {Negative group velocity of a light pulse in cesium
	  vapour},
	journal     = {Quantum Electron.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {32},
	pages	    = {567-569},
	abstract    = {Electromagnetically induced absorption in cesium
	  vapour causes an extremely strong anomalous dispersion, leading to
	  the propagation of radiation at a low negative group velocity V-g.
	  As a result, a resonance light pulse appears from the medium before
	  than a nonresonance pulse. The advance time measured in the
	  experiment corresponds to the group velocity V-g approximate to
	  -c/3600, which is an order of magnitude lower than that reported by
	  Wang L.J., et al. Nature, 406, 277 (2000).
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{DengHP02,
	author	    = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Payne, M. G.},
	title	    = {Optical wave group velocity reduction in sodium
	  without onresonance electromagnetically induced transparency},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {212},
	pages	    = {101-105},
	abstract    = {A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group velocity
	  reduction is applied to a pure lifetime broadened sodium atomic
	  system. In addition to the significant reduction of group velocity,
	  probe field loss and smaller pulse distortion, as expected for such
	  a scheme, we also investigate possible dipole moment combinations
	  for the optimum probe pulse propagation. We show that the nuclear
	  spin of sodium atomic system and proper laser coupling scheme can
	  conspire to dramatically reduce the influence of any nearby state
	  in a multi-level system, making it a nearly perfect 3-level system.
	  (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KozumaADHP02,
	author	    = {Kozuma, M. and Akamatsu, D. and Deng, L. and Hagley,
	  E. W. and Payne, M. G.},
	title	    = {Steep optical-wave group-velocity reduction and
	  "storage" of light without on-resonance electromagnetically induced
	  transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {66},
	pages	    = {031801},
	abstract    = {We report on experimental investigation of
	  optical-pulse groupvelocity reduction and probe-pulse
	  "regeneration" using a Raman scheme. This scheme, which does not
	  rely on the commonly used on-one-photon-resonance
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process, has many
	  advantages over the conventional method that critically relies on
	  the transparency window created by an EIT process. We demonstrate
	  significant reduction of the group velocity, less probe-field loss,
	  reduced probe-pulse distortion, and high probe-pulse regeneration
	  efficiency.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{SoljacicJFIIJ02,
	author	    = {Soljacic, M. and Johnson, S. G. and Fan, S. H. and
	  Ibanescu, M. and Ippen, E. and Joannopoulos, J. D.},
	title	    = {Photonic-crystal slow-light enhancement of nonlinear
	  phase sensitivity},
	journal     = {J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {19},
	pages	    = {2052-2059},
	abstract    = {We demonstrate how slow group velocities of light,
	  which are readily achievable in photonic-crystal systems, can
	  dramatically increase the induced phase shifts caused by small
	  changes in the index of refraction. Such increased phase
	  sensitivity may be used to decrease the sizes of many devices,
	  including switches, routers, all-optical logical gates, wavelength
	  converters, and others. At the same time a low group velocity
	  greatly decreases the power requirements needed to operate these
	  devices. We show how these advantages can be used to design
	  switches smaller than 20 mum x 200 mum in size by using readily
	  available materials and at modest levels of power. With this
	  approach, one could have similar to10(5) such devices on a surface
	  that is 2 cm x 2 cm, making it an important step towards
	  large-scale all-optical integration. (C) 2002 Optical Society of
	  America.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{DengHKP02,
	author	    = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and Payne,
	  M. G.},
	title	    = {Optical-wave group-velocity reduction without
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (vol A 65, art no 051805,
	  2002)},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {66},
	pages	    = {029903},
	abstract    = {}
}

@ARTICLE{CerboneschiRA02,
	author	    = {Cerboneschi, E. and Renzoni, F. and Arimondo, E.},
	title	    = {Quantum interference and slow light propagation in
	  cold samples of open three-level atoms},
	journal     = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {4},
	pages	    = {S267-S272},
	abstract    = {We investigate theoretically the propagation of a
	  probe laser pulse through a cold sample of three-level atoms in the
	  presence of a strong coupling field. Our numerical analysis shows
	  that the electromagnetically induced transparency phenomenon
	  produces very small group velocities for the probe pulse even if
	  the three-level atomic system is open, i.e. in the presence of
	  decay channels to levels not excited by the laser radiation. The
	  role of the atomic momentum on the slow light propagation is
	  briefly discussed.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{PaspalakisK02,
	author	    = {Paspalakis, E. and Knight, P. L.},
	title	    = {Transparency, slow light and enhanced nonlinear optics
	  in a four-level scheme},
	journal     = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {4},
	pages	    = {S372-S375},
	abstract    = {We analyse the interaction of three laser fields with
	  a fourlevel quantum system in a tripod configuration. We obtain
	  an analytical expression for the steady state linear susceptibility
	  of a probe laser field and show that the system can exhibit double
	  electromagnetically induced transparency with controlled group
	  velocity. We also show that a coherently prepared tripod scheme can
	  be used for efficient nonlinear generation of new laser fields.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ArkhipkinT02,
	author	    = {Arkhipkin, V. G. and Timofeev, I. V.},
	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency; writing,
	  storing, and reading short optical pulses},
	journal     = {Jetp Lett.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {76},
	pages	    = {66-70},
	abstract    = {The spatiotemporal propagation dynamics of a weak
	  probe pulse in an optically dense medium of three-level atoms is
	  studied in the adiabatic approximation under conditions of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency. The atomic coherence
	  induced at the dipole-forbidden transitions is found to be
	  spatially localized. This effect is used for the analysis of the
	  reversible writing (reading) of short optical pulses. The method of
	  pulse time reversal is suggested. (C) 2002 MAIK
	  "Nauka/Interperiodica".
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{WangZ02,
	author	    = {Wang, K. and Zhu, S.},
	title	    = {Storage states in ultracold collective atoms},
	journal     = {Eur. Phys. J. D},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {20},
	pages	    = {281-292},
	abstract    = {We present a complete theoretical description of
	  atomic storage states in the multimode framework by including
	  spatial coherence in atomic collective operators and atomic storage
	  states. We show that atomic storage states are Dicke states with
	  the maximum cooperation number. In some limits, a set of multimode
	  atomic storage states has been established,in correspondence with
	  multimode Fock states of the electromagnetic field. This gives
	  better understanding of both the quantum and coherent information
	  of optical field can be preserved and recovered in ultracold
	  medium. In this treatment, we discuss in detail both the adiabatic
	  and dynamic transfer of quantum information between the field and
	  the ultracold medium.}
}

@ARTICLE{JavanKLS02,
	author	    = {Javan, A. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Lee, H. and
	  Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Narrowing of electromagnetically induced transparency
	  resonance in a Doppler-broadened medium},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {66},
	pages	    = {013805},
	abstract    = {We derive an analytic expression for the linewidth of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance in a
	  Doppler-broadened system. It is shown here that for relatively low
	  intensity of the driving field the EIT linewidth is proportional to
	  the square root of intensity and is independent of the Doppler
	  width, similar to the laser-induced line narrowing effect described
	  by Feld and Javan. In the limit of high intensity we recover the
	  usual power-broadening case where the EIT linewidth is proportional
	  to the intensity and inversely proportional to the Doppler width.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{PaspalakisK02,
	author	    = {Paspalakis, E. and Knight, P. L.},
	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency and
	  controlled group velocity in a multilevel system},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {66},
	pages	    = {015802},
	abstract    = {We analyze the interaction of N laser fields with a
	  (N+1)-level quantum system. A general analytic expression for the
	  steadystate linear susceptibility for a probe-laser field is
	  obtained and we show that the system can exhibit multiple
	  electromagnetically induced transparency, with at most N-1
	  transparency windows occurring in the system. The group velocity of
	  the probe-laser pulse can also be controlled.}
}

@ARTICLE{DengHKAP02,
	author	    = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and
	  Akamatsu, D. and Payne, M. G.},
	title	    = {Achieving very-low-loss group velocity reduction
	  without electromagnetically induced transparency},
	journal     = {Appl. Phys. Lett.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {81},
	pages	    = {1168-1170},
	abstract    = {A Raman method is studied experimentally for potential
	  opticalwave group velocity reduction in resonant medium.
	  Specifically, we show that the proposed method can achieve
	  significant group velocity reduction comparable to the conventional
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) method that had been
	  exclusively used to date. In addition, we show that this method has
	  a significantly lower loss compared to the EIT method, and has rich
	  dynamics such as probe pulse narrowing. Such features have
	  applications in the domain of telecommunication technology. (C)
	  2002 American Institute of Physics.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{CerboneschiRA02,
	author	    = {Cerboneschi, E. and Renzoni, F. and Arimondo, E.},
	title	    = {Dynamics of slow-light formation},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {208},
	pages	    = {125-130},
	abstract    = {We investigate theoretically the phenomenon of slow
	  light in a cold sample of open three-level atoms interacting with
	  the two light fields in the A configuration. We consider a cold
	  atomic sample geometry such that the photon reabsorption is greatly
	  reduced, and therefore the medium properties are determined by the
	  single atom response. The dynamics of the slow propagating light
	  pulse is examined, and the typical length scales for the
	  propagation derived. We demonstrate that STIRAP is the mechanism
	  behind the slow-light phenomenon. Furthermore, in the considered
	  geometry a significant occupation of the excited state in the early
	  phase of the propagation does not necessarily imply a decay of the
	  ground-state coherence, and therefore does not inhibit the
	  slow-light formation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
	  reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ArtoniBCL02,
	author	    = {Artoni, M. and Bassani, F. and Carusotto, I. and La
	  Rocca, G. C.},
	title	    = {The regime of electromagnetically induced transparency
	  in optically dense media: from atoms to excitons},
	journal     = {Braz. J. Phys.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {32},
	pages	    = {275-283},
	abstract    = {The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced
	  transparency (EIT) was discovered by Adriano Gozzini and coworkers
	  in 1976 in Pisa. Novel schemes to investigate and exploit EIT in
	  the optical domain have attracted much interest both in atomic and
	  solid state systems. We discuss some of our recent theoretical
	  results, in particular: i) a well developed EIT regime based on
	  free exciton levels in undoped bulk crystalline Cu2O; ii) light
	  dragging effects in moving media under EIT; iii) the coherent
	  control of Cherenkov radiation in the EIT regime.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ZibrovLHS02,
	author	    = {Zibrov, A. S. and Lukin, M. D. and Hollberg, L. and
	  Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Efficient frequency up-conversion in resonant coherent
	  media},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {65},
	pages	    = {051801},
	abstract    = {We demonstrate an efficient frequency up-conversion
	  based on generation of large atomic coherence in a cascade system.
	  Two infrared, low power laser fields tuned to the vicinity of the
	  two-photon transition in Rb vapor were converted spontaneously into
	  infrared and blue radiation. Extension of the technique into other
	  spectral regions using highly excited states seems feasible.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{DengHKP02,
	author	    = {Deng, L. and Hagley, E. W. and Kozuma, M. and Payne,
	  M. G.},
	title	    = {Optical-wave group-velocity reduction without
	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {65},
	pages	    = {051805},
	abstract    = {A Raman scheme for optical-pulse group-velocity
	  reduction in a pure lifetime broadened system is studied. We show
	  that this nonelectromagnetically induced transparency (NEIT) scheme
	  has many advantages over the conventional method that critically
	  relies on the transparency window created by an EIT process.
	  Significant reduction of the group velocity, probe field loss, and
	  pulse distortion are reported. In addition, rich dynamics of the
	  propagation process are studied.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{GreentreeSdDMSV02,
	author	    = {Greentree, A. D. and Smith, T. B. and de Echaniz, S.
	  R. and Durrant, A. V. and Marangos, J. P. and Segal, D. M. and
	  Vaccaro, J. A.},
	title	    = {Resonant and off-resonant transients in
	  electromagnetically induced transparency: Turn-on and turn-off
	  dynamics},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {65},
	pages	    = {053802},
	abstract    = {This paper presents a wide-ranging theoretical and
	  experimental study of nonadiabatic transient phenomena in a Lambda
	  electromagnetically induced transparency system when a strong
	  coupling field is rapidly switched on or off. The theoretical
	  treatment uses a Laplace transform approach to solve the time-
	  dependent density matrix equation. The experiments are carried out
	  in a Rb-87 magneto-optical trap. The results show transient probe
	  gain in parameter regions not previously studied, and provide
	  insight into the transition dynamics between bare and dressed
	  states.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KozlovWR02,
	author	    = {Kozlov, V. V. and Wallentowitz, S. and Raghavan, S.},
	title	    = {Ultrahigh reflection from a medium with ultraslow
	  group velocity},
	journal     = {Phys. Lett. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {296},
	pages	    = {210-213},
	abstract    = {We show that an incident wavepacket at the boundary to
	  a medium with extremely slow group velocity, experiences enhanced
	  reflection and a substantial spatial and temporal distortion of the
	  transmitted wavepacket. In the limit of vanishing group velocity,
	  light cannot be transferred into the medium due to its perfect
	  reflectivity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{GodoneLM02,
	author	    = {Godone, A. and Levi, F. and Micalizio, S.},
	title	    = {Propagation and density effects in the
	  coherent-populationtrapping maser},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {65},
	pages	    = {033802},
	abstract    = {The coherent microwave emission from an optically
	  thick atomic ensemble in a cavity under coherent population
	  trapping is analyzed. Transient and continuous operations are
	  theoretically examined within the frame of a closed three-level
	  system in the Dicke regime. The effects related to the atomic
	  density and to the propagation in the active medium are examined
	  with particular reference to the subnatural linewidth, the low
	  group velocity and the shifts of the maser emission profile from
	  the unperturbed atomic transition. The case of alkali-metal atoms
	  submitted to a L excitation scheme is addressed in view of
	  applications in the atomic frequency standard field.
	  Experimental observations in agreement with the theoretical
	  predictions are reported for the case of rubidium in a buffer gas.
	  Apparent superluminal propagation is also reported and briefly
	  discussed.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{QiSKLMLNFL02,
	author	    = {Qi, J. and Spano, F. C. and Kirova, T. and Lazoudis,
	  A. and Magnes, J. and Li, L. and Narducci, L. M. and Field, R. W.
	  and Lyyra, A. M.},
	title	    = {Measurement of transition dipole moments in lithium
	  dimers using electromagnetically induced transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {88},
	pages	    = {173003},
	abstract    = {We have observed electromagnetically induced
	  transparency in a Doppler broadened molecular cascade system using
	  fluorescence detection. We demonstrate that the power-dependent
	  splitting of lines in the upper-level fluorescence excitation
	  spectrum can be used as a new spectroscopic tool for the
	  measurement of molecular transition dipole moment functions.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{YeZRS02,
	author	    = {Ye, C. Y. and Zibrov, A. S. and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and
	  Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Unexpected Doppler-free resonance in generalized
	  double dark states},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {65},
	pages	    = {043805},
	abstract    = {Doppler-free resonances have been observed in Rb
	  atomic vapor coherently driven by two strong-coupling fields in an
	  intrinsically non-Doppler-free geometry. A four-level theoretical
	  model explains the experimental results. The explanation of the
	  physics is based on the interplay between coherences generated in a
	  four-level system.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{Leonhardt02,
	author	    = {Leonhardt, U.},
	title	    = {Theory of a slow-light catastrophe},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {65},
	pages	    = {043818},
	abstract    = {In diffraction catastrophes such as the rainbow, the
	  wave nature of light resolves ray singularities and draws delicate
	  interference patterns. In quantum catastrophes such as the black
	  hole, the quantum nature of light resolves wave singularities and
	  creates characteristic quantum effects related to Hawking
	  radiation. This paper describes the theory behind a recent proposal
	  [U. Leonhardt, Nature (London) 415, 406 (2002)] to generate a
	  quantum catastrophe of slow light.}
}

@ARTICLE{DengKHP02,
	author	    = {Deng, L. and Kozuma, M. and Hagley, E. W. and Payne,
	  M. G.},
	title	    = {Opening optical four-wave mixing channels with giant
	  enhancement using ultraslow pump waves},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {88},
	pages	    = {143902},
	abstract    = {We show that by strongly modifying the dispersion
	  properties of a four-level system, nonexisting wave mixing channels
	  can be opened and significantly enhanced. Specifically, we show
	  that coherent optical four-wave mixing with a pump wave mediated by
	  electromagnetically induced transparency ( thereby propagating with
	  an extremely slow group velocity) will lead to many orders of
	  magnitude enhancement in the amplitude of the generated wave.
	  Contrary to common belief, a large transparency window, which
	  causes a large propagation velocity, actually diminishes efficient
	  mixing wave production.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{MairHPWL02,
	author	    = {Mair, A. and Hager, J. and Phillips, D. F. and
	  Walsworth, R. L. and Lukin, M. D.},
	title	    = {Phase coherence and control of stored photonic
	  information},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {65},
	pages	    = {031802},
	abstract    = {We report the demonstration of phase coherence and
	  control for the recently developed "light-storage'' technique.
	  Specifically, we employ a dynamic form of electromagnetically
	  induced transparency to bring the group velocity of a light pulse
	  to zero, thereby mapping the photonic information into an ensemble
	  spin coherence in warm Rb vapor. We then apply a pulsed magnetic
	  field to vary the phase of the atomic spin excitations and map the
	  altered information back into light. We detect the resultant phase
	  shift in an optical interferometric measurement, thus confirming
	  that the storage process preserves phase coherence.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ZibrovMKRWS02,
	author	    = {Zibrov, A. S. and Matsko, A. B. and Kocharovskaya, O.
	  and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and Welch, G. R. and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Transporting and time reversing light via atomic
	  coherence},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {88},
	pages	    = {103601},
	abstract    = {We study basic issues central to the storage of
	  quantum information in a coherently prepared atomic medium such as
	  the role of adiabaticity. We also propose and demonstrate
	  transporting. multiplexing, and time reversing of stored light.}
}

@ARTICLE{FleischhauerL02,
	author	    = {Fleischhauer, M. and Lukin, M. D.},
	title	    = {Quantum memory for photons: Dark-state polaritons},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {65},
	pages	    = {022314},
	abstract    = {An ideal and reversible transfer technique for the
	  quantum state between light and metastable collective states of
	  matter is presented and analyzed in detail. The method is based on
	  the control of photon propagation in coherently driven three-level
	  atomic media, in which the group velocity is adiabatically reduced
	  to zero. Form-stable coupled excitations of light and matter
	  ("dark-state polaritons") associated with the propagation C of
	  quantum fields in electromagnetically induced transparency are
	  identified, their basic properties discussed and their application
	  for quantum memories for light analyzed.}
}

@ARTICLE{WangGX02,
	author	    = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Xiao, M.},
	title	    = {Atomic coherence induced Kerr nonlinearity enhancement
	  in Rb vapour},
	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {49},
	pages	    = {335-347},
	abstract    = {The Kerr nonlinear index of refraction for rubidium
	  atoms is measured by using an optical ring cavity with and without
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Significant
	  enhancement and inhibition of the Kerr nonlinear index is observed
	  near resonance with EIT. The nonlinear index of refraction is
	  measured as functions of probe and coupling frequency detunings,
	  respectively, with and without the presence of EIT. A simple
	  theoretical calculation including Doppler broadening is presented
	  and is found to be in good qualitative agreement with the
	  experimentally measured results.}
}

@ARTICLE{MatskoNW02,
	author	    = {Matsko, A. B. and Novikova, I. and Welch, G. R.},
	title	    = {Radiation trapping under conditions of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {49},
	pages	    = {367-378},
	abstract    = {Reabsorption of spontaneously emitted photons, or
	  radiation trapping, is a process that occurs when light interacts
	  with optically thick media. It is shown, both theoretically and
	  experimentally, that this effect in optically thick atomic vapour
	  leads to a decrease in transmission of coherent laser radiation
	  propagating under conditions of electromagnetically induced
	  transparency (EIT). A simple theory is developed taking into
	  account the radiation trapping, which is in a good agreement with
	  the experimental observations and exact numerical simulation. This
	  allows better understanding of the physics of EIT in general, and
	  properties of dense coherent atomic media in particular.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{YanRZ02,
	author	    = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.},
	title	    = {Observations of absorptive photon switching and
	  suppression of two-photon absorption in cold atoms},
	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {49},
	pages	    = {675-685},
	abstract    = {Atomic coherence and interference in an atomic medium
	  exhibiting electromagnetically induced transparency may lead to
	  enhancement or suppression of nonlinear susceptibilities.
	  Absorptive photon switching has been observed by constructive
	  quantum interference, which is based on the enhanced thirdorder,
	  nonlinear absorption in a four-level system. In a different
	  four-level system, suppression of the two-photon absorption by
	  destructive quantum interference has been observed. Experiments
	  were carried out on Rb-87 atoms cooled and confined in a
	  magneto-optical trap and the experimental results agree with
	  theoretical calculations of simple four- level model systems.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{Wilson-GordonF02,
	author	    = {Wilson-Gordon, A. D. and Friedmann, H.},
	title	    = {Positive and negative dispersion in a three-level A
	  system driven by a single pump},
	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {49},
	pages	    = {125-139},
	abstract    = {We extend our previous study of a nearly degenerate A
	  threelevel system that exhibits population trapping when driven
	  by a single pump and produces an absorption or gain doublet in the
	  probe absorption spectrum. In particular, we show, that the probe
	  dispersion is positive or negative between the doublet lines, and
	  can survive Doppler broadening. For certain values of the pump Rabi
	  frequency, the sign of the dispersion can be changed by altering
	  the ratio of the splitting between the lower levels to the Doppler
	  width.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{GoorskeyWBX02,
	author	    = {Goorskey, D. J. and Wang, H. and Burkett, W. H. and
	  Xiao, M.},
	title	    = {Effects of a highly dispersive atomic medium inside an
	  optical ring cavity},
	journal     = {J. Mod. Opt.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {49},
	pages	    = {305-317},
	abstract    = {Atomic media inside an optical cavity can
	  significantly alter the spectral response of the cavity. Both
	  theoretical and experimental examinations are made of the cavity
	  transmission with a highly dispersive intracavity multilevel atomic
	  medium. It is found, owing to the reduced absorption and steep
	  dispersion change accompanying electromagnetically induced
	  transparency in such a multi-level atomic medium, that the cavity
	  linewidth can be made much narrower than the empty cavity
	  linewidth. Cavity linewidth narrowing is measured as a function of
	  both the coupling beam power and the atomic density. These
	  experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical
	  predictions.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{WangZ02,
	author	    = {Wang, K. G. and Zhu, S. Y.},
	title	    = {Atomic storage states},
	journal     = {Chin. Phys. Lett.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {19},
	pages	    = {56-59},
	abstract    = {We present a complete description of atomic storage
	  states which may appear in the electromagnetically induced
	  transparency (EIT). The result shows that the spatial coherence has
	  been included in the atomic collective operators and the atomic
	  storage states. In some limits, a set of multimode atomic storage
	  states has been established in correspondence with the multimode
	  Fock states of the electromagnetic field. This gives a better
	  understanding of the fact that, in EIT, the optical coherent
	  information can be preserved and recovered.}
}

@ARTICLE{TurukhinSSMHH02,
	author	    = {Turukhin, A. V. and Sudarshanam, V. S. and Shahriar,
	  M. S. and Musser, J. A. and Ham, B. S. and Hemmer, P. R.},
	title	    = {Observation of ultraslow and stored light pulses in a
	  solid},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {8802},
	pages	    = {023602},
	abstract    = {We report ultraslow group velocities of light in an
	  optically dense crystal of Pr doped Y2SiO5. Light speeds as slow as
	  45 m/s were observed, corresponding to a group delay of 66 mus.
	  Deceleration and "stopping" or trapping of the light pulse was also
	  observed. These reductions of the group velocity are accomplished
	  by using a sharp spectral feature in absorption and dispersion that
	  is produced by resonance Raman excitation of a ground-state spin
	  coherence.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{FiurasekLP02,
	author	    = {Fiurasek, J. and Leonhardt, U. and Parentani, R.},
	title	    = {Slow-light pulses in moving media},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {6501},
	pages	    = {011802},
	abstract    = {Slow light in moving media reaches a counterintuitive
	  regime when the flow speed of the medium approaches the group
	  velocity of light. Pulses can penetrate a region where a
	  counterpropagating flow exceeds the group velocity. When the
	  counterflow slows down, pulses are reflected.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{AlzarMN02,
	author	    = {Alzar, C. L. G. and Martinez, M. A. G. and
	  Nussenzveig, P.},
	title	    = {Classical analog of electromagnetically induced
	  transparency},
	journal     = {Am. J. Phys.},
	year	    = {2002},
	volume	    = {70},
	pages	    = {37-41},
	abstract    = {We present a classical analog of electromagnetically
	  induced transparency (EIT). In a system of just two coupled
	  harmonic oscillators subject to a harmonic driving force, we
	  reproduce the phenomenology observed in EIT. We also describe a
	  simple experiment with two linearly coupled RLC circuits which can
	  be incorporated into an undergraduate laboratory. (C) 2002 American
	  Association of Physics Teachers.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ZhangDCXPX01,
	author	    = {Zhang, J. X. and Dong, R. F. and Chang, H. and Xie, C.
	  D. and Peng, K. C. and Xiao, M.},
	title	    = {Experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induced
	  transparency and dispersion effects in Cs atom vapour},
	journal     = {Chin. Phys. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {18},
	pages	    = {1586-1588},
	abstract    = {The effects of the electromagnetically induced
	  transparency and dispersion of a A-type three-level atomic system
	  are experimentally measured with a vapour cell of Cs atoms. The
	  steep dispersion at low absorption is observed. Thus a small group
	  velocity for the probe beam is inferred from the measured
	  dispersion curve.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ZhuL01,
	author	    = {Zhu, K. D. and Li, W. S.},
	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency due to
	  exciton-phonon interaction in an organic quantum well},
	journal     = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {34},
	pages	    = {L679-L686},
	abstract    = {Using the bosonic exciton approximation, we show that
	  there exists electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in an
	  organic quantum well which includes the interaction of charge-
	  transfer excitons and phonons. The numerical results indicate that
	  the strong exciton-phonon interaction plays a key role in the
	  generation of the EIT. Without the exciton-phonon coupling, the EIT
	  will disappear immediately. Ultraslow light effects are also
	  discussed in this system.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{LinLRYP01,
	author	    = {Lin, F. C. and Lee, J. M. and Rhee, Y. J. and Yi, J.
	  H. and Park, H.},
	title	    = {Raman scattering in coherently prepared atomic system},
	journal     = {Chin. Phys. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {18},
	pages	    = {1473-1475},
	abstract    = {Atoms in the coherent superposition state prepared by
	  a pulse pair are used as a novel optical memory material where a
	  single interrogation pulse will produce a new pulse pair preserving
	  the relative amplitudes and phases of the preparing pulse pair.
	  Such a coherent superposition state can also be specially tailored
	  along the propagation path to generate Raman scattering in a
	  relatively short distance with very high efficiency.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{MatskoKRWZS01,
	author	    = {Matsko, A. B. and Kocharovskaya, O. and Rostovtsev, Y.
	  and Welch, G. R. and Zibrov, A. S. and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Slow, ultraslow, stored, and frozen light},
	journal     = {Advan Atom Mol Opt Phys},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {46},
	pages	    = {191-242},
	abstract    = {}
}

@ARTICLE{AgarwalDM01,
	author	    = {Agarwal, G. S. and Dey, T. N. and Menon, S.},
	title	    = {Knob for changing light propagation from subluminal to
	  superluminal},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6405},
	pages	    = {053809},
	abstract    = {We show how the application of a coupling field
	  connecting the two lower metastable states of a Lambda system can
	  produce a variety of effects on the propagation of a weak
	  electromagnetic pulse. In principle the light propagation can be
	  changed from subluminal to superluminal. The negative group index
	  results from regions of anomalous dispersion and gain in
	  susceptibility.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{YanRZ01,
	author	    = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.},
	title	    = {Observation of absorptive photon switching by quantum
	  interference},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6404},
	pages	    = {041801},
	abstract    = {We report an experimental demonstration of photon
	  switching by quantum interference in a four-level atomic system
	  proposed by Harris and Yamamoto [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3611 (1998)].
	  Quantum interference inhibits single-photon absorption but enhances
	  third-order, two-photon-type absorption in the four-level system.
	  We have observed greatly enhanced nonlinear absorption in the
	  four-level system realized with cold Rb-87 atoms and demonstrated
	  fast switching of the nonlinear absorption with a pulsed pump
	  laser.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{MatskoRKZS01,
	author	    = {Matsko, A. B. and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and Kocharovskaya,
	  O. and Zibrov, A. S. and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Nonadiabatic approach to quantum optical information
	  storage},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6404},
	pages	    = {043809},
	abstract    = {We show that there is no need for adiabatic passage in
	  the storage and retrieval of information in the optically thick
	  vapor of Lambda-type atoms. This information can be mapped into and
	  retrieved out of long-lived atomic coherence with nearly perfect
	  efficiency by strong writing and reading pulses with steep rising
	  and falling edges. We elucidate similarities and differences
	  between the "adiabatic" and "instant" light storage techniques, and
	  conclude that for any switching time, an almost perfect information
	  storage is possible if the group velocity of the signal pulse is
	  much less than the speed of light in the vacuum c and the bandwidth
	  of the signal pulse is much less then the width of the two-photon
	  resonance. The maximum loss of the information appears in the case
	  of instantaneous switching of the writing and reading fields
	  compared with adiabatic switching, and is determined by the ratio
	  of the initial group velocity of the signal pulse in the medium and
	  speed of light in the vacuum c, which can be very small. Quantum
	  restrictions to the storage efficiency are also discussed.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ShakhmuratovOCMKM01,
	author	    = {Shakhmuratov, R. N. and Odeurs, J. and Coussement, R.
	  and Megret, P. and Kozyreff, G. and Mandel, P.},
	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency via adiabatic
	  following of the nonabsorbing state},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {8715},
	pages	    = {153601},
	abstract    = {It is shown that the adiabatic following of the dark,
	  nonabsorbing state improves significantly the electromagnetically
	  induced transparency performance and slows down the group velocity
	  of the probe pulse. This concept can be used for fast selective
	  gating of one pulse out of a pulse train.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{DengPH01,
	author	    = {Deng, L. and Payne, M. G. and Hagley, E. W.},
	title	    = {Propagation of light pulse in an ultra-cold atomic
	  vapor: mechanism for the loss of the probe field},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {198},
	pages	    = {129-133},
	abstract    = {We examine the role of nearby hyper-fine levels in a
	  threelevel transparency driven system in which a slow group
	  velocity of light propagation is anticipated. In addition to
	  accounting for the significant (> 80\%) probe field loss, our
	  theory can accurately model the significant (near 30\%) pulse
	  broadening found in two recent experiments. Other excitation
	  schemes for reducing the absorption from nearby levels are
	  discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{PayneD01,
	author	    = {Payne, M. G. and Deng, L.},
	title	    = {Extremely slow propagation of a light pulse in an
	  ultracold atomic vapor: A Raman scheme without electromagnetically
	  induced transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6403},
	pages	    = {031802},
	abstract    = {We describe a Raman scheme where the group velocity of
	  an optical pulse can be altered dramatically. With this none
	  electromagnetically-induced-transparency scheme, we show that when
	  on a two-photon resonance, a light pulse can propagate with
	  extremely slow group velocity. Both pulse narrowing and broadening
	  can occur depending upon the choice of two-photon detuning. When
	  using a tuned far-off two-photon resonance, we show that the pulse
	  propagates "superluminally" in the medium with pulse narrowing.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{SilvaMAC01,
	author	    = {Silva, F. and Mompart, J. and Ahufinger, V. and
	  Corbalen, R.},
	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with a
	  standing-wave drive in the frequency up-conversion regime},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6403},
	pages	    = {033802},
	abstract    = {We study electromagnetically induced transparency for
	  a probe traveling-wave (TW) laser field in closed Doppler-broadened
	  three-level systems driven by a standing-wave (SW) laser field of
	  moderate intensity (its Rabi frequencies are smaller than the
	  Doppler width of the driven transition). We show that probe windows
	  of transparency occur for values of the probe to drive field
	  frequency ratio R close to half-integer values. For optical
	  transitions and typical values of Doppler broadening for atoms in a
	  vapor cell, we show that for R > 1 a SW drive field is appreciably
	  more efficient than a TW drive in inducing probe transparency. As
	  examples, we consider parameters for real cascade schemes in barium
	  atoms with R approximate to 1.5 and in beryllium atoms with R
	  approximate to 3.5 showing that probe transmission values well
	  above 50\% are possible for conditions in which it is almost
	  negligible either without driving field or with only one of the TW
	  components of the drive. We show that a strongly asymmetric drive
	  having two TW components with unequal intensities is even more
	  efficient than a symmetric SW drive in inducing probe transparency.
	  The case of arbitrary probe intensity is also considered.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{LukinI01,
	author	    = {Lukin, M. D. and Imamoglu, A.},
	title	    = {Controlling photons using electromagnetically induced
	  transparency},
	journal     = {Nature},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {413},
	pages	    = {273-276},
	abstract    = {It is well known that a dielectric medium can be used
	  to manipulate properties of light pulses. However, optical
	  absorption limits the extent of possible control: this is
	  especially important for weak light pulses. Absorption in an opaque
	  medium can be eliminated via quantum mechanical interference, an
	  effect known as electromagnetically induced transparency.
	  Theoretical and experimental work has demonstrated that this
	  phenomenon can be used to slow down light pulses dramatically, or
	  even bring them to a complete halt. Interactions between photons in
	  such an atomic medium can be many orders of magnitude stronger than
	  in conventional optical materials.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KwonKMPK01,
	author	    = {Kwon, M. and Kim, K. and Moon, H. S. and Park, H. D.
	  and Kim, J. B.},
	title	    = {Dependence of electromagnetically induced absorption
	  on two combinations of orthogonal polarized beams},
	journal     = {J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {34},
	pages	    = {2951-2961},
	abstract    = {We observed quite different spectra for
	  electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) in two cases where the
	  polarizations of the lasers was orthogonally linear and
	  counter-rotating circular, respectively. By using the density
	  matrix equation we were able to try to confirm that the difference
	  between them may result from the spontaneous transfer process
	  occurring between subsystems within the system. The experimental
	  results agree qualitatively well with the simulated spectra in the
	  Doppler-broadened system.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{WangGX01,
	author	    = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. and Xiao, M.},
	title	    = {Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity via atomic coherence in a
	  threelevel atomic system},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {8707},
	pages	    = {073601},
	abstract    = {We measure the Kerr-nonlinear index of refraction of a
	  threelevel Lambda -type atomic system inside an optical ring
	  cavity. The Kerr nonlinearity is modified-and greatly enhanced near
	  atomic resonant conditions for both probe and coupling beams. The
	  Kerr nonlinear coefficient n(2) changes sign when tli coupling beam
	  frequency detuning switches sign, which can lead to interesting
	  applications in optical devices such as all- optical switches.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{WangLLLW01,
	author	    = {Wang, D. Z. and Li, D. J. and Liu, X. J. and Li, S. Q.
	  and Wang, Y. Z.},
	title	    = {Nonlinear theory of light speed reduction in a
	  three-level Lambda system},
	journal     = {Chin. Phys. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {18},
	pages	    = {1067-1068},
	abstract    = {We present a nonlinear theory of light velocity
	  reduction in a three-level Lambda system based on
	  electromagnetically induced transparency. Analysis shows that the
	  probe field propagates with a velocity that is quite strongly
	  dependent on its intensity instead of being merely approximately
	  dependent on the coupling intensity. Moreover, the minimum group
	  velocity of the probe field is analytically given for a given input
	  power.}
}

@ARTICLE{ScullyZ01,
	author	    = {Scully, M. O. and Zubairy, M. S.},
	title	    = {Quantum search protocol for an atomic array},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6402},
	pages	    = {022304},
	abstract    = {Quantum computers can, in principle, exceed the speed
	  of ordinary computers by taking advantage of quantum coherence and
	  entanglement. It is possible to find a "needle in a haystack" of
	  N-1 straws in only rootN searches by utilizing coherent
	  superposition states. In the present paper we show how modem
	  quantum optics may provide a simple and practicable quantum search
	  procedure, which may also yield insights into quantum search
	  algorithms in general.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{OpatrnyW01,
	author	    = {Opatrny, T. and Welsch, D. G.},
	title	    = {Coupled cavities for enhancing the
	  cross-phase-modulation in electromagnetically induced transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6402},
	pages	    = {023805},
	abstract    = {We propose an optical double-cavity resonator whose
	  response to a signal is similar to that of an electromagnetically
	  induced transparency (EIT) medium. A combination of such a device
	  with a four-level EIT medium can serve for achieving large cross-
	  Kerr modulation of a probe field by a signal field. This would
	  offer the possibility of building a quantum logic gate based on
	  photonic qubits. We discuss the technical requirements that are
	  necessary for realizing a probe-photon phase shift of pi caused by
	  a single-photon signal. The main difficulty is the requirement of
	  an ultralow reflectivity beam splitter, and we must be able to
	  operate a sufficiently dense cool EIT medium in a cavity.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{MustecapliogluY01,
	author	    = {Mustecaplioglu, O. E. and You, L.},
	title	    = {Slow light propagation in trapped atomic quantum
	  gases},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6401},
	pages	    = {013604},
	abstract    = {We study semiclassical slow light propagation in
	  trapped twolevel atomic quantum gases. The temperature-dependent
	  behaviors of both group velocity and transmissions are compared for
	  low- temperature Bose, Fermi, and Boltzman gases within the local-
	  density approximation for their spatial density profile.}
}

@ARTICLE{MustecapliogluY01,
	author	    = {Mustecaplioglu, O. E. and You, L.},
	title	    = {Propagation of Raman-matched laser pulses through a
	  BoseEinstein condensate},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {193},
	pages	    = {301-312},
	abstract    = {We investigate the role of non-uniform spatial density
	  profiles of trapped atomic Bose-Einstein condensates in the
	  propagation of Raman-matched laser pulses under conditions for
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (ETT). We find that the
	  sharp edged axial density profile of an interacting condensate (due
	  to a balance between external trap and repulsive atomic
	  interaction) is advantageous for obtaining ultraslow averaged group
	  velocities. Our results are in good quantitative agreement with a
	  recent experiment report [Nature 397 (1999) 594]. (C) 2001
	  Published by Elsevier Science B.V.}
}

@ARTICLE{ManassahG01,
	author	    = {Manassah, J. T. and Gladkova, I.},
	title	    = {Density matrix computation of light slowing and light
	  storage in a Lambda vapor system},
	journal     = {Laser Phys.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {11},
	pages	    = {801-806},
	abstract    = {We compute the light slowing and light storage in a
	  Lambda vapor system using the full Maxwell-Bloch equations with no
	  slowly varying envelope approximation in space (SVEAS) in the
	  expression of Maxwell wave-equation and incorporating both
	  homogeneous and inhomogeneous dephasing terms in the atomic density
	  matrix formulation describing the dynamics of the system.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KimKMPK01,
	author	    = {Kim, K. and Kwon, M. and Moon, H. S. and Park, H. D.
	  and Kim, J. B.},
	title	    = {Measurements of normal and anomalous dispersions in
	  coherently driven Cs vapors},
	journal     = {J. Korean Phys. Soc.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {38},
	pages	    = {666-669},
	abstract    = {Negative and positive dispersions in transitions of
	  the C-S D-2 line have been measured by setting up a homodyne
	  Mach-Zehnder interferometer through a coherently driven atomic
	  system. Anomalous dispersion due to the electromagnetically induced
	  absorption (EIA) process and normal dispersion due to the
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process were dn/d v
	  similar or equal to -1.8 x 10-(14) Hz(-1) and 8.7 x 10- (14)
	  Hz(-1), which corresponded to a negative group velocity v(g)
	  similar or equal to -c/14 and a positive one v(g) similar or equal
	  to c/31, respectively.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{DogariuKW01,
	author	    = {Dogariu, A. and Kuzmich, A. and Wang, L. J.},
	title	    = {Transparent anomalous dispersion and superluminal
	  light-pulse propagation at a negative group velocity},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6305},
	pages	    = {053806},
	abstract    = {Anomalous dispersion cannot occur in a transparent
	  passive medium where electromagnetic radiation is being absorbed at
	  all frequencies, as pointed out by Landau and Lifshitz. Here we
	  show, both theoretically and experimentally, that transparent
	  linear anomalous dispersion can occur when a gain doublet is
	  present. Therefore, a superluminal light-pulse propagation can be
	  observed even at a negative group velocity through a transparent
	  medium with almost no pulse distortion.
	  Consequently, a negative transit time is experimentally observed
	  resulting in the peak of the incident light pulse to exit the
	  medium even before entering it. This counterintuitive effect is a
	  direct result of the rephasing process owing to the wave nature of
	  light and is not at odds with either causality or Einstein's theory
	  of special relativity.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{YanRZ01,
	author	    = {Yan, M. and Rickey, E. G. and Zhu, Y. F.},
	title	    = {Nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in cold
	  atoms},
	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {26},
	pages	    = {548-550},
	abstract    = {We report an experimental observation of third-order
	  nonlinear absorption by quantum interference in Rb-87 atoms cooled
	  and confined in a magneto-optic trap. A coupling laser creates
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a multilevel Rb
	  system in which the third-order nonlinear absorption is enhanced by
	  constructive quantum interference while the linear absorption is
	  inhibited by destructive interference. Our experiment demonstrates
	  the EIT system proposed by Harris and Yamamoto [Phys. Rev. Lett.
	  81, 3611 (1998)], which absorbs two photons but not one photon in
	  the dressed-state picture. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{Nakajima01,
	author	    = {Nakajima, T.},
	title	    = {Linear and nonlinear optical properties of an
	  autoionizing medium},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6304},
	pages	    = {043804},
	abstract    = {We study the linear and nonlinear optical properties
	  of autoionizing systems under the action of a single-laser field.
	  It is found that the group velocity is greatly reduced by the
	  presence of a neighboring autoionizing state. Conditions for
	  self-focusing or defocusing are also derived for the case of an
	  isolated autoionizing system.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{Bortman-ArbivWF01,
	author	    = {Bortman-Arbiv, D. and Wilson-Gordon, A. D. and
	  Friedmann, H.},
	title	    = {Phase control of group velocity: From subluminal to
	  superluminal light propagation},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6304},
	pages	    = {043818},
	abstract    = {We show that the group velocity of a weak pulse tan be
	  manipulated by controlling the phases of two weak optical fields
	  applied to a V-shaped three-level system. Such control can even
	  cause the probe propagation to change from subluminal to
	  superluminal. We consider two schemes: in the first, the excited
	  states are coupled by decay-induced coherence, which is an inherent
	  property of the medium, and in the second, quantum coherence is
	  created by coupling the excited states to each other by a strong
	  microwave field. We also discuss the group velocity reduction
	  experienced by a single weak propagating probe due to decay-induced
	  coherence.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{ParkB01,
	author	    = {Park, Q. H. and Boyd, R. W.},
	title	    = {Modification of self-induced transparency by a
	  coherent control field},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {86},
	pages	    = {2774-2777},
	abstract    = {We consider self-induced transparency (SIT) in a
	  two-level atomic system in the presence of an additional control
	  laser field. We find that the dynamics of the SIT process an
	  profoundly modified by the control field, in a manner reminiscent
	  of the modification of other nonlinear optical interactions through
	  the process of electromagnetically induced transparency. The
	  presence of the control field allows SIT to occur under a much
	  broader range of conditions and leads to dramatically reduced
	  values of the group velocity of the SIT soliton.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{MatskoRFS01,
	author	    = {Matsko, A. B. and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and Fleischhauer,
	  M. and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Anomalous stimulated Brillouin scattering via
	  ultraslow light},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {86},
	pages	    = {2006-2009},
	abstract    = {We study stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in an
	  ultradispersive coherent medium, and show that the properties of
	  SBS change drastically when the group velocity of light in the
	  material approaches or becomes less than the speed of sound. In
	  particular, forward SBS not allowed in a dispersionless bulk medium
	  takes place in the coherent medium.}
}

@ARTICLE{RenzoniZVA01,
	author	    = {Renzoni, F. and Zimmermann, C. and Verkerk, P. and
	  Arimondo, E.},
	title	    = {Enhanced absorption Hanle effect on the F-g = F -> F-e
	  = F+1 closed transitions},
	journal     = {J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {3},
	pages	    = {S7-S14},
	abstract    = {We analyse the Hanle effect on a closed F-g --> F-e =
	  F-g + 1 transition. Two configurations are examined, for linearly
	  and circularly polarized laser radiation, with the applied magnetic
	  field collinear to the laser light wavevector. We describe the
	  peculiarities of the Hanle signal for linearly polarized laser
	  excitation, characterized by narrow bright resonances at low laser
	  intensities. The mechanism behind this effect is identified, and
	  numerical solutions for the optical Bloch equations are presented
	  for different transitions.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KienH01,
	author	    = {Kien, F. L. and Hakuta, K.},
	title	    = {Normal modes and propagation dynamics in a strongly
	  driven Raman medium},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6302},
	pages	    = {023807},
	abstract    = {We study the collinear propagation of two weak
	  sideband fields in a far-off-resonance Raman medium driven by a
	  strong field. We show the existence of two sideband-field
	  superpositions called normal modes that propagate independently at
	  different group velocities, one at the vacuum speed of light and
	  one at a reduced velocity and with an induced relative phase shift.
	  We find that the effect of slow group velocity on nonlinear
	  conversion occurs via the relative group delay as well as the
	  relative phase shift.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{PhillipsFMW01,
	author	    = {Phillips, D. F. and Fleischhauer, A. and Mair, A. and
	  Walsworth, R. L.},
	title	    = {Storage of light in atomic vapor},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {86},
	pages	    = {783-786},
	abstract    = {We report an experiment in which a light pulse is
	  effectively decelerated and trapped in a vapor of Rb atoms, stored
	  for a controlled period of time, and then released on demand. We
	  accomplish this "storage of light" by dynamically reducing the
	  group velocity of the light pulse to zero, so that the coherent
	  excitation of the light is reversibly mapped into a Zeeman (spin)
	  coherence of the Rb vapor.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KocharovskayaRS01,
	author	    = {Kocharovskaya, O. and Rostovtsev, Y. and Scully, M.
	  O.},
	title	    = {Stopping light via hot atoms},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {86},
	pages	    = {628-631},
	abstract    = {We prove that it is possible to freeze a light pulse
	  (i.e., to bring it to a full stop) or even to make its group
	  velocity negative in a coherently driven Doppler broadened atomic
	  medium via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). This
	  remarkable phenomenon of the ultraslow EIT polariton is based on
	  the spatial dispersion of the refraction index n(w,k), i.e., its
	  wave number dependence, which is due to atomic motion and provides
	  a negative contribution to the group velocity. This is related to,
	  but qualitatively different from, the recently observed light
	  slowing caused by large temporal (frequency) dispersion.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{HussPLKW01,
	author	    = {Huss, A. F. and Peer, N. and Lammegger, R. and
	  Korsunsky, E. A. and Windholz, L.},
	title	    = {Efficient Raman sideband generation in a coherent
	  atomic medium},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {6301},
	pages	    = {013802},
	abstract    = {We demonstrate the efficient generation of Raman
	  sidebands in a medium coherently prepared in a dark state by
	  continuous-wave low-intensity laser radiation. Our experiment is
	  performed in sodium vapor excited in Lambda configuration on the
	  D-1 line by two laser fields of resonant frequencies omega (1) and
	  omega (2), and probed by a third field omega (3). First-order
	  sidebands for frequencies omega (1), omega (2) and up to the
	  third-order sidebands for frequency omega (3) are observed. The
	  generation starts at a power as low as 10 muW for each input field.
	  Dependences of the intensities of both input and generated waves on
	  the frequency difference (omega (1) - omega (2)), on the frequency
	  omega (3), and on the optical density an investigated.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{LiuDBH01,
	author	    = {Liu, C. and Dutton, Z. and Behroozi, C. H. and Hau, L.
	  V.},
	title	    = {Observation of coherent optical information storage in
	  an atomic medium using halted light pulses},
	journal     = {Nature},
	year	    = {2001},
	volume	    = {409},
	pages	    = {490-493},
	abstract    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency(1-3) is a
	  quantum interference effect that permits the propagation of light
	  through an otherwise opaque atomic medium; a 'coupling' laser is
	  used to create the interference necessary to allow the transmission
	  of resonant pulses from a 'probe' laser. This technique has been
	  used(4-6) to slow and spatially compress light pulses by seven
	  orders of magnitude, resulting in their complete localization and
	  containment within an atomic cloud(4). Here we use
	  electromagnetically induced transparency to bring laser pulses to a
	  complete stop in a magnetically trapped, cold cloud of sodium
	  atoms. Within the spatially localized pulse region, the atoms are
	  in a superposition state determined by the amplitudes and phases of
	  the coupling and probe laser fields. Upon sudden turn-off of the
	  coupling laser, the compressed probe pulse is effectively stopped;
	  coherent information initially contained in the laser fields is
	  'frozen' in the atomic medium for up to 1 ms. The coupling laser is
	  turned back on at a later time and the probe pulse is regenerated:
	  the stored coherence is read out and transferred back into the
	  radiation field. We present a theoretical model that reveals that
	  the system is self-adjusting to minimize dissipative loss during
	  the 'read' and 'write' operations. We anticipate applications of
	  this phenomenon for quantum information processing.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{MullerHRWD00,
	author	    = {Muller, M. and Homann, F. and Rinkleff, R. H. and
	  Wicht, A. and Danzmann, K.},
	title	    = {Parametric dispersion in electromagnetically induced
	  transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {6206},
	pages	    = {060501},
	abstract    = {We analyze both experimentally and theoretically the
	  phase shift of a fixed coupling laser field in a Lambda -type
	  system induced by a tunable probe laser field. The measurements are
	  performed with a heterodyne interferometer on a beam of cesium
	  atoms in the D-2 line. This system exhibits electromagnetically
	  induced transparency with a rapidly varying refractive index. The
	  parametric dispersion of the coupling field over a range of six
	  decades of coupling laser intensities is investigated and found to
	  be in accord with the predictions from the semiclassical model.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{WangGBX00,
	author	    = {Wang, H. and Goorskey, D. J. and Burkett, W. H. and
	  Xiao, M.},
	title	    = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing by means of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency},
	journal     = {Opt. Lett.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {25},
	pages	    = {1732-1734},
	abstract    = {Cavity-linewidth narrowing in a ring cavity that is
	  due to the high dispersion and reduced absorption produced by
	  electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in rubidium-atom
	  vapor has been experimentally observed. The cavity linewidth with
	  rubidium atoms under EIT conditions can be significantly narrowed.
	  Cavity-linewidth narrowing was measured as a function of coupling
	  beam power. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America.}
}

@ARTICLE{Harris00,
	author	    = {Harris, S. E.},
	title	    = {Pondermotive forces with slow light},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {85},
	pages	    = {4032-4035},
	abstract    = {This work describes atomic processes which result from
	  the greatly enhanced longitudinal gradient force which is inherent
	  to the propagation of slow light. These processes are (1) ballistic
	  atom motion and atom surfing, and (2) a type of local pondermotive
	  nonlinearity or scattering which results from free-particle
	  sinusoidal motion and the density variation caused by this motion.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{McGloinDF00,
	author	    = {McGloin, D. and Dunn, M. H. and Fulton, D. J.},
	title	    = {Polarization effects in electromagnetically induced
	  transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {6205},
	pages	    = {053802},
	abstract    = {We demonstrate the magnitude dependence of
	  electromagnetically induced transparency, in a three-level cascade
	  scheme in rubidium, on the probe and coupling field polarizations.
	  We show that this dependence is due to the presence of the
	  degenerate magnetic sublevels and the strengths of their relative
	  dipole matrix elements. It is shown that this can lead to modified
	  absorption profiles when electromagnetically induced transparency
	  is used for spectroscopic purposes. We present theory that is in
	  good agreement with our experiments.}
}

@ARTICLE{ManassahG00,
	author	    = {Manassah, J. T. and Gladkova, I.},
	title	    = {Modifications due to local field corrections of the
	  electromagnetically induced transparency propagation parameters in
	  a driven optically dense three-level cascade system},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {185},
	pages	    = {125-132},
	abstract    = {We compute, under conditions of electromagnetically
	  induced transparency, the frequency dependence of the transmission
	  coefficient and the group velocity of a probe pulse resonant with
	  the lower transition of a three-level cascade system in the
	  presence of a cw pump field resonant with the system's upper
	  transition. We show that the presence of local field corrections
	  can substantially modify the profile of both these
	  transmission-related quantities. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier
	  Science B.V.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{CarusottoAL00,
	author	    = {Carusotto, I. and Artoni, M. and La Rocca, G. C.},
	title	    = {Atomic recoil effects in slow light propagation},
	journal     = {Jetp Lett.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {72},
	pages	    = {289-293},
	abstract    = {We theoretically investigate the effect of atomic
	  recoil on the propagation of ultraslow light pulses through a
	  coherently driven Bose-Einstein condensed gas. For a sample at
	  rest, the group velocity of the light pulse is the sum of the group
	  velocity that one would observe in the absence of mechanical
	  effects (infinite mass limit) and the velocity of the recoiling
	  atoms (light-dragging effect). We predict that atomic recoil may
	  give rise to a lower bound for the observable group velocities, as
	  well as to pulse propagation at negative group velocities without
	  appreciable absorption. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka / Interperiodica".
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KienH00,
	author	    = {Kien, F. L. and Hakuta, K.},
	title	    = {Stimulated Raman scattering with slow light},
	journal     = {Can. J. Phys.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {78},
	pages	    = {543-559},
	abstract    = {We study the propagation dynamics of weak Raman
	  sideband fields in a far-off-resonance Raman medium driven by a
	  strong coupling field. We show that the interaction of the system
	  with the strong field, under the conditions of high density, narrow
	  Raman-transition width, and small two-photon detuning, results in a
	  slow group velocity and a substantial enhancement of the injected
	  anti-Stokes sideband field as well as an efficient generation of a
	  Stokes sideband field. We find that the effective group velocity is
	  the same for the two weak fields and is proportional to the field
	  frequency difference instead of the frequency of the corresponding
	  field. We also discuss the condition for exponential growth of the
	  two sideband fields in the medium. We perform numerical
	  calculations for solid hydrogen, a realistic system where the
	  requirements for high density and small Raman width can be met. We
	  demonstrate that the group velocity can be slowed down by several
	  orders, and that the slow light plays a key role for the stimulated
	  Raman scattering process in solid hydrogen.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{SautenkovLBNMFVWS00,
	author	    = {Sautenkov, V. A. and Lukin, M. D. and Bednar, C. J.
	  and Novikova, I. and Mikhailov, E. and Fleischhauer, M. and
	  Velichansky, V. L. and Welch, G. R. and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Enhancement of magneto-optic effects via large atomic
	  coherence in optically dense media},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {6202},
	pages	    = {023810},
	abstract    = {We utilize the generation of large atomic coherence in
	  optically dense media to enhance the resonant nonlinear
	  magneto-optic effect by several orders of magnitude, thereby
	  eliminating power broadening and improving the fundamental
	  signal-to-noise ratio. A proof-of-principle experiment is carried
	  out in a dense vapor of Rb atoms. Applications such as optical
	  magnetometry, the search for Violations of parity and time-reversal
	  symmetry, and nonlinear optics at low light levels are feasible.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{MorigiA00,
	author	    = {Morigi, G. and Agarwal, G. S.},
	title	    = {Temperature variation of ultraslow light in a cold
	  gas},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {6201},
	pages	    = {013801},
	abstract    = {A model is developed to explain the temperature
	  dependence of the group velocity as observed in the experiments of
	  Hau et al. [Nature (London) 397, 594 (1999)]. The group velocity is
	  quite sensitive to the change in the spatial density. The
	  inhomogeneity in the density and its temperature dependence are
	  primarily responsible for the observed behavior.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{Khurgin00,
	author	    = {Khurgin, J. B.},
	title	    = {Light slowing down in Moire fiber gratings and its
	  implications for nonlinear optics},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {6201},
	pages	    = {013821},
	abstract    = {A theory of the dispersion in the Moire gratings is
	  developed and it is shown that the group velocity of light in them
	  can be reduced by up to three orders of magnitude. A conceptual
	  similarity between Moire grating and the electro-magneticinduced
	  transparency medium is demonstrated, and it is argued that for some
	  applications the Moire gratings present a simple viable alternative
	  to electromagnetically induced transparency.}
}

@ARTICLE{WangKD00,
	author	    = {Wang, L. J. and Kuzmich, A. and Dogariu, A.},
	title	    = {Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation},
	journal     = {Nature},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {406},
	pages	    = {277-279},
	abstract    = {Einstein's theory of special relativity and the
	  principle of causality(1-4) imply that the speed of any moving
	  object cannot exceed that of light in a vacuum (c). Nevertheless,
	  there exist various proposals(5-18) for observing faster-than-c
	  propagation of light pulses, using anomalous dispersion near an
	  absorption line(4,6-8), nonlinear(9) and linear gain lines(10-18),
	  or tunnelling barriers(19). However, in all previous experimental
	  demonstrations, the light pulses experienced either very large
	  absorption(7) or severe reshaping(9,19), resulting in controversies
	  over the interpretation. Here we use gainassisted linear
	  anomalous dispersion to demonstrate superluminal light propagation
	  in atomic caesium gas. The group velocity of a laser pulse in this
	  region exceeds c and can even become negative(16,17), while the
	  shape of the pulse is preserved. We measure a group-velocity index
	  of n(g) = -310(+/- 5); in practice, this means that a light pulse
	  propagating through the atomic vapour cell appears at the exit side
	  so much earlier than if it had propagated the same distance in a
	  vacuum that the peak of the pulse appears to leave the cell before
	  entering it. The observed superluminal light pulse propagation is
	  not at odds with causality, being a direct consequence of classical
	  interference between its different frequency components in an
	  anomalous dispersion region.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{MatskoRCS00,
	author	    = {Matsko, A. B. and Rostovtsev, Y. V. and Cummins, H. Z.
	  and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Using slow light to enhance acousto-optical effects:
	  Application to squeezed light},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {84},
	pages	    = {5752-5755},
	abstract    = {We propose a technique for achieving phase matching in
	  Brillouin scattering in a dielectric fiber doped by three-level
	  Lambda-type ions. This can lead to a dramatic increase of
	  efficiency of ponderomotive nonlinear interaction between the
	  electromagnetic waves and holds promise for applications in quantum
	  optics such as squeezing and quantum nondemolition measurements.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{Imamoglu00,
	author	    = {Imamoglu, A.},
	title	    = {Electromagnetically induced transparency with two
	  dimensional electron spins},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {179},
	pages	    = {179-182},
	abstract    = {The electronic spin degrees of freedom in
	  semiconductors have coherence times that are several orders of
	  magnitude longer than other relevant timescales. We show that
	  application of a pair of laser fields, whose frequencies differ by
	  the Zeeman splitting, gives rise to electromagnetically induced
	  transparency in an optically dense two-dimensional electron gas
	  under high magnetic fields. Even though reduction in group velocity
	  and enhancement of photon-photon interaction is largest for filling
	  factor nu = 1, the effect should be observable for any 1 less than
	  or equal to nu < 2. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
	  reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{FleischhauerYL00,
	author	    = {Fleischhauer, M. and Yelin, S. F. and Lukin, M. D.},
	title	    = {How to trap photons? Storing single-photon quantum
	  states in collective atomic excitations},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {179},
	pages	    = {395-410},
	abstract    = {We show that it is possible to 'store' quantum states
	  of single-photon fields by mapping them onto collective meta-
	  stable states of an optically dense, coherently driven medium
	  inside an optical resonator. An adiabatic technique is suggested
	  which allows to transfer non-classical. correlations from
	  traveling-wave single-photon wave-packets into atomic states and
	  vise versa with nearly 100\% efficiency. In contrast to previous
	  approaches involving single atoms, the present technique does not
	  require the strong coupling regime corresponding to high-Q
	  micro-cavities. Instead, intracavity electromagnetically Induced
	  Transparency is used to achieve a strong coupling between the
	  cavity mode and the atoms. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All
	  rights reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{FleischhauerL00,
	author	    = {Fleischhauer, M. and Lukin, M. D.},
	title	    = {Dark-state polaritons in electromagnetically induced
	  transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {84},
	pages	    = {5094-5097},
	abstract    = {We identify form-stable coupled excitations of light
	  and matter ("dark-state polaritons") associated with the
	  propagation of quantum fields in electromagnetically induced
	  transparency. The properties of dark-state polaritons such as the
	  group velocity are determined by the mixing angle between light and
	  matter components and can be controlled by an external coherent
	  field as the pulse propagates. In particular, light pulses can be
	  decelerated and "trapped" in which case their shape and quantum
	  state are mapped onto metastable collective states of matter.
	  Possible applications of this reversible coherent-control technique
	  are discussed.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{RenzoniA00,
	author	    = {Renzoni, F. and Arimondo, E.},
	title	    = {Steep dispersion in coherent population trapping with
	  losses},
	journal     = {Opt. Commun.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {178},
	pages	    = {345-353},
	abstract    = {The dispersive properties of coherent population
	  trapping with losses are investigated. We consider a cold sample of
	  open three-level atoms interacting with two laser fields in the
	  Lambda configuration. We show that despite the population losses
	  the slope of the dispersion at Raman resonance reaches at large
	  interaction time a constant nonzero value. A numerical study of the
	  propagation of a pulse in the medium in the presence of a strong
	  coupling field shows that very small group velocities for the pulse
	  are obtained also in the presence of population losses. (C) 2000
	  Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{FleischhauerLMS00,
	author	    = {Fleischhauer, M. and Lukin, M. D. and Matsko, A. B.
	  and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Threshold and linewidth of a mirrorless parametric
	  oscillator},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {84},
	pages	    = {3558-3561},
	abstract    = {We analyze the above-threshold behavior of a
	  mirrorless parametric oscillator based on resonantly enhanced
	  four-wave mixing in a dense atomic vapor. It is shown that, in the
	  ideal limit, an arbitrary small flux of pump photons is sufficient
	  to reach the oscillator threshold. We demonstrate that, due to the
	  large group velocity delays associated with electromagnetically
	  induced transparency, an extremely narrow oscillator linewidth is
	  possible, making a narrow-band source of nonclassical radiation
	  feasible.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{LeonhardtP00,
	author	    = {Leonhardt, U. and Piwnicki, P.},
	title	    = {Relativistic effects of light in moving media with
	  extremely low group velocity},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {2000},
	volume	    = {84},
	pages	    = {822-825},
	abstract    = {A moving dielectric medium acts as an effective
	  gravitational field on light. One can use media with extremely low
	  group velocities [Lene Vestergaard Hau ct al., Nature (London) 397,
	  593(1999)] to create dielectric analogs of astronomical effects on
	  Earth. In particular, a vortex flow imprints a long-ranging
	  topological effect on incident light and can behave like an optical
	  black hole.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{AkulshinBL99,
	author	    = {Akulshin, A. M. and Barreiro, S. and Lezama, A.},
	title	    = {Steep anomalous dispersion in coherently prepared Rb
	  vapor},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {1999},
	volume	    = {83},
	pages	    = {4277-4280},
	abstract    = {Steep dispersion of opposite signs in driven
	  degenerate twolevel atomic transitions have been predicted and
	  observed on the D-2 line of Rb-87 in an optically thin vapor cell.
	  The intensity dependence of the anomalous dispersion has been
	  studied. The maximum observed value of anomalous dispersion (dn/d
	  nu similar or equal to -6 x 10(-11) Hz(-1)) corresponds to a
	  negative group velocity V-g similar or equal to -c/23 000.}
}

@ARTICLE{BudkerKRY99,
	author	    = {Budker, D. and Kimball, D. F. and Rochester, S. M. and
	  Yashchuk, V. V.},
	title	    = {Nonlinear magneto-optics and reduced group velocity of
	  light in atomic vapor with slow ground state relaxation},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {1999},
	volume	    = {83},
	pages	    = {1767-1770},
	abstract    = {The dynamics of resonant light propagation in rubidium
	  vapor in a cell with antirelaxation wall coating are investigated.
	  We change the polarization of the input light and measure the time
	  dependence of the polarization after the cell. The observed
	  dynamics are shown to be analogous to those in electromagnetically
	  induced transparency. Spectral dependence of light pulse delays is
	  found to be similar to that of nonlinear magneto-optic rotation.
	  Delays up to approximate to 13 ms are observed, corresponding to a
	  8 m/s group velocity. Fields of a few microgauss are used to
	  control the group velocity.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{KashSZHWLRFS99,
	author	    = {Kash, M. M. and Sautenkov, V. A. and Zibrov, A. S. and
	  Hollberg, L. and Welch, G. R. and Lukin, M. D. and Rostovtsev, Y.
	  and Fry, E. S. and Scully, M. O.},
	title	    = {Ultraslow group velocity and enhanced nonlinear
	  optical effects in a coherently driven hot atomic gas},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {1999},
	volume	    = {82},
	pages	    = {5229-5232},
	abstract    = {We report the observation of small group velocities of
	  order 90 m/s and large group delays of greater than 0.26 ms, in an
	  optically dense hot rubidium gas (approximate to 360 K). Media of
	  this kind yield strong nonlinear interactions between very weak
	  optical fields and very sharp spectral features. The result is in
	  agreement with previous studies on nonlinear spectroscopy of dense
	  coherent media.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{HarrisS98,
	author	    = {Harris, S. E. and Sokolov, A. V.},
	title	    = {Subfemtosecond pulse generation by molecular
	  modulation},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
	year	    = {1998},
	volume	    = {81},
	pages	    = {2894-2897},
	abstract    = {We suggest a technique for producing subfemtosecond
	  pulses of radiation. The technique is based on using
	  electromagnetically induced transparency to produce a strongly
	  driven molecular coherence. This coherence results in a Raman
	  spectrum with Bessel function amplitudes and phases corresponding
	  to a frequency modulated signal, thereby allowing compression by
	  the group velocity dispersion of the same medium.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{SchmidtWHM96,
	author	    = {Schmidt, O. and Wynands, R. and Hussein, Z. and
	  Meschede, D.},
	title	    = {Steep dispersion and group velocity below c/3000 in
	  coherent population trapping},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {1996},
	volume	    = {53},
	pages	    = {R27-R30},
	abstract    = {We have measured the index of refraction in the region
	  of a coherent population trapping resonance in a cesium vapor cell
	  with an interferometric technique. We find very high normal
	  dispersion (up to dn/df=9.7x10(-12) Hz(-1)) at low absorption. From
	  our spectra we obtain very small group velocities below c/3000.
	  This corresponds to a delay time of more than 200 ns for a cesium
	  cell 20 mm in length, equivalent to more than 60 m of propagation
	  in vacuum.
	  }
}

@ARTICLE{HarrisFK92,
	author	    = {Harris, S. E. and Field, J. E. and Kasapi, A.},
	title	    = {Dispersive properties of electromagnetically induced
	  transparency},
	journal     = {Phys. Rev. A},
	year	    = {1992},
	volume	    = {46},
	pages	    = {R29-R32},
	abstract    = {An atomic transition that has been made transparent by
	  applying an additional electromagnetic field exhibits a rapidly
	  varying refractive index with zero group velocity dispersion at
	  line center.	A 10-cm-long Pb vapor cell at an atom density of 7 x
	  10(15) atoms/cm3 and probed on its 283-nm resonance transition has
	  a calculated optical delay of 83 ns [(c/V(G)) = 250].}
}